IQLR (International QL Report)

ISSN 1078-5787

Volume 4 Issue 5
- January/February
International QL Report 1995

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International QL Report (ISSN 1078-5787) is published by:

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Contents.........5<.

3 Documents in Text87
5 Repairing the QL
15 The Problem’s I’ve Seen
20 Computers 101 (Part 3)
26 A Word of Thanks
28 A Brief History of SMSQ
35 The SHAPE of THINGS to COME
41 Town Crier
42 Eindhoven Meeting
42 Geneva Chatter
43 Credit Card Holders !!
44 Getting a Byte on the Page
49 QD & QBASIC Review
55 Organising a QL Show
38 Plan Ahead
61 Getting The Most Out of SBASIC
65 For Sale ---For Sale
65 Notes - QL, Serial Ports & Modems

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59 MECHANICAL AFFINITY

59 GRANGE TECHNOLOGY LTD
60 QUANTA

64 PMDATA

66 DIGITAL PRECISION

68 MIRACLE SYSTEMS LTD

"The Definitive Information Source"

Documents in Text87

Geneva, SWITZERLAND - lan Pizer

How to design your documents:

First some Definitions: I am using Text87 Plus4 (my copy is version E4).

Your Document can consist of one part or be broken into parts called SECTIONS. LAYOUT(s) for your document
PAGE(s) can have one or several FRAMES (rectangles) into which you wish to put the SECTION(s) of your
document. Each PAGE of the final document can have the LAYOUT that you choose.

Brief Explanation of the Procedure:

1. Write your text in Text87

2. Define Sections using "F3 Doc textSections New"

3. Define Layouts with "F3 Layout ..."

4. Connect Sections and Layouts with "F3 Layout Edit textSections”

5. Check result with "F3 Print preView"

The following explanation has been written because I found that the Text87 User’s Guide and my brain were not in
tune for the exercise of designing a document. The information is all there in the guide but spread out, so I have
written below how to do it in a way that suits my brain and perhaps other brains too.

First do all the typing including special parts like headers and footers for your document.
Now separate the parts (SECTIONS):

Place the cursor on the first line of a part you wish to define as a Section and do "F3 Doc textSections New" ESC
ESC. You have defined the beginning of a Section and a solid line appears at the beginning of the Section. Repeat
the same process for other parts (Sections).

Section dividing and the solid lines can be removed with "F3 Doc textSections Merge" which merges (joins) the
adjacent Sections.

Now you can define the kind of section (TEXT TYPE):

If you have a header or title or footer which should repeat in several pages you want to make it REPEATED.
Otherwise (for continous text) it should be FLOWING. So do "F3 Doc textSections Text type” ESC for each sector.

The LAYOUT:

Do "F3 Layout" to get the LAYOUT EDITOR and you see a FRAME which surrounds most of the paper, the size
of which has previously been defined by print Offsets ("F3 Config Driver Offsets"). If you want a second (different)
Layout use "F3 Layout New layout". Layouts a re numbered from 0 upwards.

FRAMES:

You can modify the size and position of a Frame, or have several Frames in a Layout. To Edit a Frame you move
the top with arrows and similarly for the bottom after TAB ending with ENTER. If you want to define a second (or
more) Frame(s) do "New frame Resize". Relevant dimensions are indicated for each frame. If you vertically split a
Frame with "F3 Layout Edit Columns” you must adjust the width of text for the columns, using Ruler.

The LAYOUT Windows:

There are 3 windows - the left windows shows the FRAME(s) for the present Layout. The top right window shows
how many Layouts you have made, numbered from 0 onwards. For each Layout its Frames are shown in the lower
window each line gives the Frame Number (the first digit), the second number is the Sector Number, then the "Text

3

Documents in Text87 - (CONT’D)

type", Frame size, and top left coordinates. You should check these lines once you have done the attaching, see
below.

Attaching SECTORS to FRAMES:

From "F3 Layout Edit" choose a Text Section using arrows (press "Resize" to see which Frame you have chosen),
then do "textSection". You now get a new window showing the Text Sections which you can now choose (use
arrows) to correspond to the desired Frame. Press ENTER to attach. Now choose the next Frame and continue the
attaching procedure till wanted Sections have been allotted a Frame. You have now completed the Layout procedure
for one page. If you now do "F3 Layout" you see how the Sectors and Frames are attached in the lower right
window - for example, "0 1" means Frame 0 attached to Section 1 .

More than One PAGE: Do "F3 Layout Repetition” to get the choice of:

"FIXED" for deciding how many pages will use the first Layout.
Or "CONTINUOUS" to use the same Layout for each page.
Or "ALTERNATE" which will alternate between two layouts - this necessitates 2 Layouts being designed.

To make a second or more LAYOUTS: "F3 Layout New layout" and prepare a new Layout as before.

Now check the whole Document: "F3 Print preView” to see the first page and "V" for subsequent pages.
Check the lower right window of the LAYOUT EDITOR for the correct attachments for each Layout.

In Editor mode, put the cursor in each Section and note the information in the box at the bottom of the page where
you can see the Section number, The Page number is followed by 2 other numbers separated by :. The first
corresponds to the Layout number, the second is the Frame number in that Layout. You will need to change the size
of Frames if the text overruns the Frame on the right side (check with "preView") - increase Frame width in the
usual way and the document will be corresopndly reformed, or use "F3 Layout Edit" to reduce the text width.

It is possible to have text which is ignored (no Page number, and a page break shown). This indicates that some text
cannot fit into the frame so you need to lengthen the Frame. I hope the above makes document designing a delight.

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REPAIRING THE QOL

Admaston, Telford, GREAT BRITAIN - Dennis Briggs

Introduction

The QL computer is a comparatively easy machine to repair as most it’s functions are controlled by specially
designed ULA integrated circuits.

These special chips with a 68008 CPU and a preprogrammed co-processor are fitted in sockets, making for ease of
replacement. The two chips making up the ROM are also socketed except for early machines where they consisted
of 3 Eproms two of which were soldered together piggy back style. Much later came two alternative ROMs from
other sources consisting of a 27512 EPROM on an adapter board. None of the integrated circuits are particularly
expensive leading to the practice of swapping chips around in the vain hope that it may make the machine work.
Such methods of hit and miss experimenting can prove to be both expensive as well as time consuming with the
added danger of further failure due to mishandling.

Over the years there has been many additions to the QL from third party suppliers some of which were more
successful than others. However these notes are restricted to the standard QL as supplied by Sinclair Research
with no additions of any sort.

Information sources

A Service Manual was available from Sinclair written by the QL manufacturers Thorn EMI. It started out as notes
made by the production staff at Feltham for internal use. Whilst covering the main items it is unsatisfactory from
a diagnostic or repair point of view. A large section is devoted to microdrive servicing for which parts were not
available plus irrelevant board modifications.

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

Errors abound in many sections notably in the circuit diagrams. No updates have been made available since the first
reprint either officially or via the user groups. Any repair organisation amasses much practical information during
their work. This information is usually recorded for for later distribution perhaps on a cost basis.

A few hastily prepared news sheets emanated from Sinclair in the early days of the QL directed at the trade but are
now lost in time.

These notes have been compiled in an effort to redress this imbalance. The primary aim being to meet the needs
of QL owners who wish to keep their machine operational for several years to come.

The QL add-on manufacturers never officially released any information especially in diagrammatic form in regard to
their products. However there is some information around from several sources which goes part way to resolving
the problem. It is understandable for small companies to withhold detailed information whilst they actively
support their products but when this service ceases one would have hoped that data sheets would have been
available to ensure the customers investment was protected.

Workshop

Obviously a certain amount of electronic knowledge and skill will be required but the main basic ones needed are an
ability to work neatly and precisely, an ability to desolder and solder small items. The ability to follow instructions
is implicit in all repair procedures but in many instances the information is shrouded in so much technical jargon it
is difficult for mere mortals to understand. Clear logical thinking as opposed to random guesswork is also a great
asset but often this is in short supply. An ability to insert screws into comparatively soft plastic without stripping
out the recess is vital. In the absence of these vital practical skills and a willingness to practice them if they have
not been used for decades or attempt a quick fix will quickly consign the QL to the scrap pile.

As a preliminary step, it is preferable to prepare the work area to suit your own particular methods. It is not
necessarily the layout bystanders may expect to see only they either cannot or will not be doing the work. The
majority of electronics repair people I have encountered describe their work place as a tip. Mine is a bit different
on occasions after my wife has tidied it up. It stays like this for at least part of a day then deteriorates to the
comfortable.

Workshop equipment

1. RGB TTL colour monitor.

2. Colour TV.

3. Black and white monitor.

4. Digital multimeter

5. Low voltage soldering iron and fine solder.

6. De-soldering equipment.

7. Serial loop back cable.

8. Set of known, marked plug-in ics.

9. Plug-in ROM board with self starting MG ROM.
10. 10Mz or better oscilloscope.

11. Known fully functional power supply.

12. Supply of replacement parts.

13. Magnifying glass.

14. New top quality cross head screwdriver. Not Phillips.
15. Service manual or at least the circuit diagrams.
16. Antistatic storage for ics.

Types of board

The main QL board has undergone several production changes from issue 4 to issue 7. Almost all those encountered
will be Issue 5 or Issue 6. Issue 4 boards can be consigned to the scrap box as they were simply production
prototypes beset with many problems.

6

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

The change from Issue 5 to Issue 6 was accompanied by a tidying up of the layout, use of a HAL chip to replace
a couple of logic chips and a sort out of the microdrive head board. Unfortunately Sinclair still managed to get the
microdrive head board wrong with it needing track cuts and bits of wire to get them to work. Issue 6 boards from
Samsung also differed in the types of connectors used whilst incorporating many detailed RFI suppression
modifications. Again no official information has been made available therefore any details I mention have been
derived from my own personal contact with the many Samsung built versions of the QL.

QL Issue 5 board QL Issue 6 board

The Feltham factory did many reworks on the Samsung QLs in an attempt by Amstrad to get rid of the things.
There are at least three different versions of these machines that I have seen and there may be more. Main boards are
marked just below the serial ports with the Issue number. Issue 5 boards have a socket or location for logic to
decode the EPROM ROMs. If you wish to experiment with different code for the ROM then it is easier to use an
Issue 5 board.

Power supply

The QL power supply was compromised in the design stage by the main criteria being that it had to fit in the same
casing as that for the Spectrum power supply. This had the effect that everything was squeezed in making the unit
run hot with adverse effects on the internal control electronics.

With such a restrictive casing, Hinchley had to develop a compromise circuit where the output load is sensed
switching in an extra winding on the transformer as required. A thyristor carries out the switching function at
mains frequency but there is no space for components to be fitted to reduce the transients so created.

It is clear from observing the output waveform that the 5 volt
regulator inside the QL will be heavily loaded as it is being fed a
nominal 9 volts with several volts of triangular ripple
superimposed. This frequently pushes the original 7805 regulator
to or beyond it’s operating limits resulting in machine crashes or
worse still component failures. As the temperature rises the
regulator becomes less tolerant of supply fluctuations thereby
compounding the effect of it being fed very raw dc.

tev

Changing the 7805 for the more robust and tolerant 2 amp

78S05 with its improved specification ensures that the regulator

Power supply waveform functions well within its limits. However to sort out the problem,

either modify the existing power supply or preferably fit a new

one designed to provide a smooth 8 volts dc. Reduction of the de ripple by a factor of 1000 is achievable with a
very marked improvement in reliability.

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

The standard power supply provides a nominal rough 9 volts dc also 44 volts peak to peak ac which is manipulated
inside the QL to supply the +/- 12 volts for the serial ports etc. Any replacement power supply unit must
therefore provide BOTH a dc and an ac output. Use of a switch mode power supply unit may appear tobe attractive
but [have found that they can cause more problems than they cure. Whatever power supply is used then it must be
sited as far away from the QL, monitor, TV or disc drives as possible. The best place is on the floor well out of
harms way. Two thermal fuses are incorporated in the standard power supply unit hiding away under the
transformer winding covering. They are there for your protection in reducing a potential fire hazard.

They must not be bridged out but can be replaced with a later type of thermal protection. If either of the thermal
fuses has failed then the cause must be investigated. Normally it is the fuse on the supply to the +/- 12 volt section
that fails usually due to the 79L12 regulator on the main QL board going short circuit. Instructions for fitting
thermal fuses state that they must be crimped or screwed in place. This is a bit of pie in the sky advice, from a
servicing aspect, easily overcome by some thought. Just pop the fuse in the deep freeze over night along with a
pair of pliers. Grip the frozen fuse with the frozen pliers and solder very fast. If you are not quick you will
thermalise the fuse and scrap it.

A stop gap measure to reduce the ripple on the supply can be employed by threading the power supply lead
around a ferrite ring. This modification is incorporated inside the Samsung built QLs. If the QL is going to be used
permanently with any type of add-on card then the thyristor in the power supply can be permanently bypassed to
give a much smoother output. It must be stressed that any work on the power supply must only be undertaken by
those having sufficient skills and knowledge to work safely. Remember MAINS VOLTAGES ARE LETHAL also
an overheating power supply could BURN YOUR HOUSE DOWN. I have seen one QL power supply with
holes drilled in the casing for ventilation. Little heed was given to safety as any spilled liquid invited disaster.
The perpetrator did say that he used an electric drill to produce the holes whilst the power supply was PLUGGED
IN THE MAINS.

Check the power supply on load before tests commence on the QL. The reason for this is that you must have a
known starting point. Scrutinise the inside of the mains plug screwing up the two connections tightly. It is possible
to go one step further by soldering the connections up permanently. The
cable clamp if fitted is there for your protection so use it. Many complaints
about unreliability have been traced to problems with the customer fitted
mains plug. Some 9 years on after the original design for the QL power supply
we would see a fused moulded on mains plug fitted to the unit. If in doubt fit a
new 3 pin plug or better still a new mains lead with a moulded on plug. There
are other electronic items in the power supply case that cause many problems
therefore you must make sure that the unit you are using is functioning
correctly. It is possible during a quick check with a digital multimeter for
the voltages to appear to be about right only for them to drop drastically when
Powe supply test the unit is subjected toa load. Use a couple of 6 watt bulbs across the
outputs to check.

Initial checks

With the power supply confirmed as 100% functional, test the QL in the state it is received. Personally the first
thing I do on opening the packing is to clean the machine with a disinfectant spray before any handling or testing is
commenced.

This procedure was initiated by me after encountering several of the most horrible gunged up units you can
imagine. I have had a QL brought in covered in cow dung whilst another was so badly caked with unknown dirt
and grease it had to be handled with protective gloves before being scrubbed clean. Any owner’s remarks can
be noted but I find these usually tend to mislead rather that inform. Do not dismantle anything at this stage but
just plug a cleaned QL into a TV, power up and test all of the machine’s functions. If it doesn’t work on a TV then
try it on a monitor.

Does the screen light up in any shape or form ?

Is the orange power LED ON ?

Does the QL respond toa key press at the F1/F2 prompt ?

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

Are the microdrives constantly spinning after F1 or F2 is pressed?
Does it make funny noises in the loudspeaker ?
Are the microdrive lights on all the time ?

Make a note of what you have discovered also how many screws are still present. Give the power lead a
wriggle where it is plugged in the QL as this is a section regularly subjected to harsh treatment due to the absence
of a mains switch. The plug on the end of the power lead where it enters the QL is of the standard 0.1 inch pitch
but of a unique shape. The leads are of Phillips manufacture. This particular Phillips was a small injection
moulding company in Honiton Devon, not the big Dutch Phillips.

Dismantling
RED .
BLACK With your note pad at the ready, invert the QL and remove the eight screws marked
WHITE on the diagram then turn the QL the right way up. Raise the keyboard until the
BLACK membrane tails can be grasped between finger and thumb then pull gently upwards.
GREY Make a note of how the LED wires are connected and check the six LED
BLACK connections as one stray strand of wire or one wire floating about will cause all sorts

4 of random problems. Ease the socket upwards to remove the six wires then lay the
LED connections keyboard to one side suitably marked.

Remove these Remove these

SCIEWS. bungs.

Examine the QL board noting any readily observable differences from standard. These could be switching
regulators, keyboard interfaces, mice interfaces, internal expansions etc. It is totally futile exercise to start to
looking for visible signs of damage such as charred components or cracked boards. If you find anything of this
nature just throw the QL in the bin as it is beyond repair. The initial aim is to get a standard QL using standard
Sinclair chips functioning as a starting point. No microdrives, no add-ons, no keyboard. Just a main QL board with
all the chips in place. Being somewhat cynical from years of experience, I remove as many ’enhancements’ as
possible then try again.

It quite often works indicating that the problem is in the item just removed. If you are working on a bare board of
unknown origin then do have a careful look as it could well be one from a THOR. This is identified by the three
nominal 9 volt lines on the 64 way connector being soldered together then taken to an adjacent 5 volt track also
the +12 volt regulator is replaced with a large 10 ohm resistor.

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

Carry on in removing the ROM slot plug,
microdrive extension plug, knob from the

| | = n reset switch, two screws from the top of each

| microdrive plus one underneath. If you are

¢ lucky removal of the reset switch knob is easy

: oS but often this process pulls out the complete
= Pn internals of the switch destroying it in the
ees process. The safest way is to insert a thin

= screwdriver between the black knob and the

red switch slider prising the two apart very

QUTHOR board gently. The heatsink and regulator can be

removed as separate items but if the 2 screws

holding in the main board in place are

withdrawn along with the three screws holding

each of the microdrives, the whole assembly

can be lifted out. When removing the screws make a note of their lengths as they are all different. It is vital

that they are located back in the correct positions on reassembly if damage to the casing is to be avoided. Push in

the reset switch then lift out the complete assembly including the regulator and heatsink. Put the bottom casing to

one side suitably labelled. The two microdrives can be left attached to the main board to be unplugged later for

easier access. With the bare bones on anon conductive surface, remove all the socketed chips leaving just the
7805 regulator in place then plug in the tested power supply and carry out voltage tests at these points.

MC 1488 MC 1489
Pin 1 = -12 volts Pin 1 = +5 volt
Pin 8 = Gnd Pin 14 = GND

Pin 16 = +12 volts.

Have a wriggle at the regulator socket on the three bits of wire. If the QL resets with this treatment then remove
the plastic housing and solder up the three connectors. Clean up the contacts, spring out the tags etc. and refit.
Whilst you are working on this item, fit ferrite beads to the three wires to reduce RFI thus helping reliability. The
connector to the regulator gets very hot causing the plating to tarnish also weakening the contact tension.

Sometimes I have found the regulator is not in direct contact with the heatsink as some non-thinking person
has fitted a small washer between them effectively destroying the essential thermal path. The washer must go on
top of the regulator with smear of thermal compound on between the regulator and the heatsink.

A standard QL will only run for about half a minute if the regulator has no means of dissipating it’s heat. For test
purposes I have a 78S05 regulator screwed to small finned heatsink enabling a fully expanded QL to run
indefinitely. One QLI received, had the regulator covered in thermal compound as was the whole of the heatsink.
This resulted in overheating as the compound reduced the radiating capacity of the heatsink causing the regulator to
shut down at frequent intervals. A good clean out of the white nasty stuff making sure just a smear remained
under the regulator had that item running reliably.

With the voltages correct, power down then insert a 68008 CPU, 8301 and a test ROM. I have the ROM ona
board plugged in the ROM slot to make life easy. If you are certain that the 68008 and the 8301 are good ones you
will get a display on a colour monitor.

A green or white screen will give you hours of fun as one, two or all 16 memory chips are faulty. They are all
soldered in being absolute pigs to replace. Minerva might help by producing a series of Hex numbers on the
screen but it needs another working QL to run the program to indicate the faulty chips.

Problems

The 68008, although quite reliable it does play some funny tricks at times. Stuffing expansions in and out with
power on does everything a much harm usually zapping the sensitive 8301 in the process. Gold Cards also work
the 8301 particularly hard thus shortening their life.

10

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

A nasty side effect of 68008 failure can be that the QL appears to be OK until an expansion board is inserted
when the machine well either crash, not recognise the add-on or generally throw a wobbler. An immediate crash
of wonderful psychedelic patterns is obvious as is failure to bring up the title banner of a working add-on. However
the nasty one is when the machine appears to be OK but locks up at the most inconvenient time such as just
before saving a large vital document.

A totally black screen indicates the CPU may have never started to function. This must not be confused with a
faulty 8301 as this will also produce a black screen or a white screen or something between. Wide stripes on
the screen either vertically or horizontally means that the CPU has started up and is at least talking to the 8301. The
permutations on this theme are virtually endless so if in doubt fit another 68008.

The difference in the colours of the displayed stripes just before the “tweed” pattern also if they are horizontal,
vertical or mixed depends on the intemal structure of the memory chips. This varies from one manufacture to
another being somewhat academic as what you are looking for is the appearance of the ’tweed’ screen followed by
the F1/F2 prompt.

Use an oscilloscope to check that the 15Mz crystal alongside the 8301 is oscillating. Some 8301s have IN 4148
diodes soldered from the RGB and sync lines to ground. It does not appear to improve the reliability of this
particular chip.

A very few ceramic 8301s were available being instantly recognisable by their brown colour plus a gold plate on
top. Part of the oscillator section was omitted from this chip during manufacture therefore an external 15Mz
module had to be added using a logic chip glued on the top or at the side. Apparently some special feature in this
type of 8301 made it very suitable for the QL emulator running on an ATARI.

I never did pursue this aspect as the total number of ceramic 8301s was certainly less than 50. The initial batch
of many hundreds were scrapped to form part of a land fill site behind Heathrow airport simply because they ‘did
not work’.

Whilst the ’scope is switched on connect it across the three remaining crystals on the board to check they are
functioning. The vital one is next to the 8049. The tiny one at the side of the 8302 is solely for the time clock whilst
the one next to the MC 1377p is for this PAL encoder chip.

Display

With the just a 68008, 8301 and the ROM in place, the QL should produce the familiar black screen to be
followed immediately with the tweed pattern then stick at the F1/F2 prompt. The apparent random tweed pattern is
in fact the contents of the ROM therefore it may differ in appearance depending the one being used.

I find it much easier if the ROM is used for testing jumps over the F1/F2 prompt. Minerva perhaps or any other
ROM if it has been modified. For test purposes, the code of a jump over ROM can be blown on to an EPROM
plus an auto booting test program to provide an auto starting test sequence. This test program could include both a
serial port test as well as microdrive tests. By using auto booting technique any need for a keyboard to be fitted
whilst carrying out preliminary tests is eliminated.

2nd stage checks

Having arrived at the stage where there is something on the screen it is certain that the 68008, 8301 and ROMs
are working. Do not be confused at this stage as a faulty 8301 can give an off-white screen with a wavy edge or
more usually a totally black screen. On occasions one of the colours will be off either partially or completely. Bear
in mind that the 8301 produces the red, green, blue and sync signals fed directly to an RGB TTL monitor.

If there is no signal of any kind then all the three guns will be turned off with the screen appearing to be BLACK
as is the case with the Microvitec ones. A few monitors give a white appearance in the absence of any input
signals. If the 8301 fails with all the signal lines fully on the monitor will appear nearly white. A partially failed
8301 gives an overall colour cast especially in the white areas.

11

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

Lack of horizontal sync is probably due to problems with the MC 1377p chip. Theoretically this should have no
effect on the monitor output but in practice it does on some boards. Power down and insert the 8049
co-processor. A quick power up to make sure that a display is still present, then power down again. Pop an 8302
in it’s socket and power up again. If you do not use the ’jump over ’ ROM then bridge pin 1 of the left membrane
socket to pin 1 or 4 of the right hand socket. This is the same as pressing Fl or F2 on the keyboard.

A faulty 8049 gives some good fun and games with a black screen being the first one. Secondly comes no
keyboard response, then wrong or missing characters, rubbish through the serial ports etc. Remove the 8049,
hurl it into the bin and fit a new Philips or NCR version 0.7. After proving the QL is functional with the original
specification chip you can then try with the anti-bounce chip V 1.7 or what you will.

The 8302 has it’s part to play in all this especially regarding

the microdrives and serial ports. On removing the 8302 you

may have noted the very tarnished legs also the two resistors
soldered over the top. The tarnish comes from a special type of
‘cleaning fluid’ applied at the factory at the insistence of one

of the Sinclair team. All it did was tarnish the legs whilst the

real problem was that the two pull down resistors on the board

had incomplete tracks. Get rid of the stuff by gently cleaning the
legs making them bright and shiny. Also make sure you have the two
33K resistors soldered to pins 19 and 21 of the 8302 with the other
ends joined to the - 12 volt line.

A stage is arrived at where there is a part functional QL board 7.
providing acceptable results on an RGB monitor. No checks have been test points
carried out on the serial ports, microdrives, networking, TV display, mono display or sound at this stage.

Serial ports

The serial ports can be plagued with many problems. These range from not working at all to producing bits of
garbage in amongst printed text. A systematic approach will identify the offending item. Resorting to guesswork
or chip changing is guaranteed to be a long and painful process ending in failure. I suppose it is possible to get
by with a logic probe and intuition but the easiest way I have found to pin point problem is by the use of an
oscilloscope.

Step one is to check the voltages into the 2 tiny regulators also the
voltage coming out. Use a meter across the little inductor next to the
reset switch to check that it has not gone open circuit as it will act like a
fuse, going off pop on occasions. Have a look at the co-processor
checking that it is marked V 0.7. It could be one of several other types
which will probably be the cause of the problem. When you have
managed to get the machine working with the standard specification
8049 then you can experiment with other ‘improved’ versions. If the
machine subsequently falls then super chips that have just been
inserted cannot be all that super. With the voltages correct, connect the
two ports together using a cable then use a small basic program to send data in both directions from one port to the
other. See appendix 1 The faults encountered are: Failure to transmit data. Failure to receive data. Missing
characters received. Incorrect characters received. Occasional bits of garbage on the output. Check once again
that the voltages are correct on the MC 1488 serial driver ic. They must be +/-12 volts. Checking the voltage
across the serial port is not adequate as the -12 volts is not available. Grab hold of the 78L12 regulator with
your fingers. If it is too hot to hold, change it for one of a larger type. Issue 6 boards have a 0.25 amp NEC 12 volt
regulator as standard. Unfortunately this type of regulator is not in any parts list I can find.

TV display
Crammed up behind microdrive one, virtually touching the microdrive ULA is the PAL converter ic MC1377p.
12

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

Nothing really special about this RGB to composite colour converter ic with the exception that it needs +12 volt
supply. There is provision on the chip for it to produce both PAL as well as NTSC signals by pulling pin 20 high
or low.

The board layout in this area is not conducive to a noise free output signal thus both the TV display as well as a
composite colour monitor display has the irritating dot crawl. Perhaps some enterprising person will be able to
get rid of this unwanted feature eventually as the same chip is used on other computers that produce a far
better display. The answer to the dot crawl is to strap 0.0luf capacitors across the three input electrolytics to
improve the display slightly. However a more complete solution is to use the tiny video display board from the
defunct Amstrad/Sinclair computer as an external unit fed from the R,G B and sync lines.

Only two main failures are associated with the MC 1377p or it’s associated components. They are either no display
or a super noise free black and white picture. Absence of a TV display indicates a missing +12 volt supply or the
chip itself has failed. Look at the background noise level on the TV to see if it increases when the QL is
powered up. You may get some indication. The best way is to puta scope on the three input lines, the crystal
connection pins and the input to the video modulator. I have heard many tales about having to change the screened
modulator block but in 8 years I have only changed one that had been physically crushed.

A nice crisp black and white TV display indicates that the MC 1377p is OK but the crystal is not oscillating or an
associated component has failed. There is a series of capacitors, resistors plus an odd inductor all in a row. The snag
here is that the resistors look like capacitors. whilst the inductor looks very similar. It ain’t ‘arf confusing until you
sort yourself out. The short answer is to cut your losses and change all the bits at once. Saves on labour at the
expense of a few cheap parts.

Much rumour has surrounds the difference between the European and American QLs. In reality the difference is in
the crystal frequency along with it’s related components with a pin of the MC 1377p chip being connected to +12
volts to produce NTSC signals. The ROM also has it’s part to play in this but that is a different story.

Mono Display

The R, G, Band sync signals are combined by a single transistor to produce the mono 1 volt 75 ohms impedance
signal. Avoiding the MC 1377p video chip gives a nice clean signal without noise and the dreaded dot crawl. I
have only seen a couple of QLs on which this transistor has failed. A B C 108 or similar is OK as a replacement.

Network

There is a persistent rumour that many early QLs did not have the hardware for the network fitted. I have checked
many hundreds of boards of all Issues from Issue 4 to Issue 7 and in all instances the network hardware is fitted.
I cannot imagine why it should not be as it is just a single cheap transistor.

Final checks

Before the main board is put back in it’s case it should be run with the microdrives attached including the
regulator and heatsink. Make sure you have used some thermal paste between the regulator and the heatsink. Leave
it running for at least an hour before fitting it to the case with the keyboard rested in on top. I put a couple of
elastic bands round the assembly before a retest as I have found by bitter experience that if the screws are inserted
before a final check there is usually a minor problem. Normally this may be a folded membrane tail or an LED
connection that has jumped out. If an LED positive connector jumps out then it is very obvious as the LED will
not illuminate. If the negative connection jumps out it can contact any part of the board in that area with
unpredictable results. It can cause the machine to crash regularly or prevent some part of it functioning and in one
extreme example caused the power supply to burn out..

Fitting of microdrives to the board is an absolute nightmare unless you have a Samsung machine. Get yourself some
turned pin socket strips and cut them to length. Fit the microdrive tails to the socket strips then fit the assembly
to the board in one easy movement.

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)
Microdrives

These have been left to last. Ido not attempt to repair them as I have a stock of new tested units to last me well
into the future. However here are a few notes.Noises from the motor indicate that the bottom bearing is worn out
thus the unit has to be replaced. The motor has an electronic speed control accessible from the outside via a small
hole underneath. Tweaking this enables you to get more sectors on a cartridge also by going to extremes you can
cause the unit not to read any other tapes.

Read/write failures especially on MDV1 are due to the ULA on the head board failing which in tum was due to
lack of quality control on early production units. Coloured spot labels indicate factory quality control checks on
both the ULA and the tape head.

Later tape heads have the casing connected to ground. This head is fixed in position and cannot be realigned not
even by brute force as one QL author found to his cost.

MODIFICATIONS

Tom Bent carried out a great deal of work in making the QL more reliable. Similar mods appeared on other
machines particularly the Samsung built units and are worth using.

1. Connect pin 15 to pin 35 on the 68008 then connect
pin 13 to this bridge with a 0.01uF capacitor. This is
better carried out on the print side of the board as it is
then permanent.

2. Replace the LS logic chips with HCT versions.
3. Replace the large electrolytic under the heat sink as it

looses performance due to it being run at a high
temperature...

4. Replace all the electrolytic capacitors on the board and
on the power supply as after 10 ten years operation they
are well past their life span.

5. Fit ferrrite beads on the wire running from the 78S05

L board to the memory supply track next to the left hand
Ql mods al Ri * Sere arate pati Sie

05 arp reg.
EXTRA INFO

Inserting or removing any peripheral with the QL powered up may cause damage to the QL as well as the
interface. Usually one of the buffer chips on the peripheral fails and it may zap out the 8301 in the QL. On the
early CST board the EPROM sometimes becomes scrapped and occasionally the WD 1770 becomes faulty. I
think that the scrapped EPROMs are a direct result of inserting them the wrong way round. It is vital that careful
notes are made of chip orientation before they are withdrawn. Do not rely on the indentation on the sockets as
these are often incorrect. This board also had the 34 way connector fitted upside down later only to be corrected
on the second version. PCML corrected an upside down disc drive connector with many bits of wire soldered
across various points to effect the change. The later board was correct.

MEDIC had, what to them, was the bright idea of using the data cable to carry the power from the supply unit built
into the disc drive casing, down to the Medic board. The reason for the separate power supply was based on
information from Sinclair in one of the news sheets that the QL power supply was not capable of supplying the
current needed for both the QL board and a large add-on board. This in formation was immediately proved to be

14

REPAIRING THE QL - (CONT’D)

incorrect. The resulting MEDIC combined double disc drive and large power supply formed a large heavy lump

which may have been tolerable if the polarised connected
had not been fitted the wrong way round in several
instances. Luckily MEDIC fitted an adequate number of
buffer chips to the board with the result that stuffing 9
volts into places only where 5 volts should go only two
or three logic chips need replacement. It is quite safe to
plug the disc drive ribbon cable into the interface with
both the QL and the drive unit powered up. This is
because the signals on the disc drive are active low. The
only time that this practice is to be avoided is if there is
a disc in the drive unit with data on it. If the data cable
connector has no locating lug on it and it is plugged in
upside down then the read/write heads will be lowered
‘on to the disc and rubbish is written to it at that spot.

Keyboard Products produced three different keyboards to
be marketed by Schoen. The first one that sat over the QL
has mechanical problems introducing key bounce. The
later ones with a pc style keyboard has another special
8049 to match the keyboard being used. No replacements
are available. The code in this 8049 is very different to
the Sinclair 8049 therefore the chips are not
interchangeable.

SCHOEN KEYBOARD
INTERFACES

CONNECTOR

The Problems I’ve Seen

Troy, Michigan, USA - Don Walterman

Dennis has asked me to add some comments about my experiences repairing QL motherboards. I haven’t taken
detailed notes while making individual repairs so this will just be some general observations. Dennis follows a more
structured approach than I do. However, his description of his work area fits mine as well.

I received five defective U.K. QL motherboards as part of the package Dennis offered a few months ago in Quanta
(the package was, well worth the asking price). I also have repaired some U.S. QLs over the past few years.

I prefer to repair QLs using the Minerva rom. Its built in memory tests are a big help. Any descriptions made of the
QL wake up sequence apply strictly to Minerva and will not be completely true of other QL roms. The QL goes thru
some specific phases as it wakes up. It helps to understand these phases when troubleshooting difficult problems. The

phases as I’ve seen them are:

no display initial state or power supply not up to five volts
red and green vertical bars 8301 working, not executing rom yet, not writing to ram
geometric (checkerboard) with Minerva hex error message and random dots in wrong places - check ram

and interconnecting traces

white screen failed to store data or dead 8301
green screen failed to retain data as written
tweed pattern reading and writing to ram successfully (may also have Minerva error

message over tweed) blank screen with Minerva logo 8302 wakes up and
communicates with 8301 (in bottom right only ) can also be defective

T4LS257

Roms installed messages
Copyright on bottom left screen

15

The Problems I’ve Seen - (CONT’D)

Most often the faulty QL wakes up with a memory test failure. 1 note three items right away. First, the Minerva
memory data which must be decoded on a working QL using the ramfail_bas program. Ramfail_bas is a very useful
program. You enter the hex data provided by Minerva and it draws the QL ram layout on screen with the suspect
chips highlighted. It has been a big help in locating bad ram (and in finding problems I have caused when
unsoldering the old chips).

Dennis is right, for some reason these memory chips do not come out easily. Although I have a lot of experience
unsoldering chips, I’ve given up on these ram and clip the leads, remove the chips then clean out the holes. This
seems to preserve the traces on board in much better condition. Second, I check for chips that are running warm.
Any ram chips that heat up after a few minutes on time are defective. Third I check to see if the data lines are shorted
to ground. Use your meter set to ohms and measure between pins 14 and 16 with the QL powered off. The worst
QL I repaired started as completely dead (no display). The five volt supply was so low the 68008 would not wake
up. This was caused by shorted data lines on the ram chips. After cutting the proper data line, the power supply
returned to five volts.

If any ram chips are suspect, replace them. You don’t want a marginal chip to ruin all the repair time you have
invested. One technique I picked up from the service manual suggested using a jumper wire to short the data lines to
ground. This works when you have a memory fault on screen. By shorting one bit at a time you will create a set of
thin vertical lines on screen. When the lines you create overlay the bad dots on screen you have found the bad
memory chips. I have a large stock of spare memory chips. You can probably find your own cheap supply of ram
chips by checking computer shows. I see many computer boards sold for a few dollars that have a large number of
socketed 4164 ram chips. Make sure to use sockets when replacing ram. You really don’t want to unsolder these
again do you? I have very good luck using machine pin sockets. They cost more but they give you good reliable
connections.

Other problems I’ve seen include:

Broken trace between pin 25 on the 8301 and pin 7 on the 8302. This is the cpuclk line. Without the clock the 8302
never started running. This was the blank screen with just the Minerva logo in the bottom right corner problem. This
was an issue 4 U.K. board. It had a number of other problems as well. The reset switch was defective. Sinclair only
used one side of it so it was simple to just run jumper wires to the good side. This board also had some bad ram. I
ended up replacing all of it before I found the broken trace. You really do need lots of patience. This board works
just fine now...

Broken trace between 8301 and monitor DIN connector. Problem was no blue on screen.

Many, many whité screens. Always bad 8301 chips. This problem seems much worse in some QlLs that use Gold
Cards and have been moved to a case with a switching power supply. New Super Gold Cards come with their own 5
volt connector to prevent this.

Another class of problems has been 68008 cpus that seem to work in some situations but are really marginal. I have
seen defective 68008s that could drive either a memory expansion board or a disk interface but not both at the same
time. This would show up as not ’seeing’ the toolkit rom on the disk interface at wakeup.

RS232 problems... The only hardware problems I’ve seen have been some bad 1489 chips. This chip converts the
+12 and -12 volts that RS232 uses to the +5 and 0 volts that the QL’s internal logic uses. The symptoms of this
problem are printing would work but a modem would not. All other RS232 problems I’ve seen are related to the
lousy code in the original 8049. This can be permanently fixed by replaceing the 8049 with Hermes. I view this as a
software problem since it is the code the 8049 executes that is very poorly written. The hardware was not defective.

Microdrive problems.There is not much to say here that has not been said many times before. So, one problem I
have seen is the microdrive runs whenever the QL is on. This can be caused by the drive transistor failing. This
transistor is not on the microdrive assembly but behind it under the heat sink on the QL motherboard.

Hopefully this will help keep your QL running far into the future. I’d welcome any additional information or
corrections.

16

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‘QLerk Manual (150 pages of details) $29.00 US/Canada $34.00 Elsewhere

QLerk Program with Tutorial and QLerk Manual both $50.00 US/Canada $57.00 Elsewhere

The above pricing is for payment in US Dollars by Postal or Bank or Travelers Check with Wood and Wind computing as the payee. Personal checks in US
Dollars okay from US/Canada. | do not accept credit cards but | have made arrangements so that | can receive payment by personal check as long as the
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Wood and Wind Computing
Bill Cable
RR3 Box 92
Comish NH 03745 USA

Phone : (603) 675-2218

DILWYN JONES COMPUTING

41 BRO EMRYS, TAL-Y-BONT, BANGOR, GWYNEDD, LL57 3YT,
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SOLVIT-PLUS 2

A brand new word games program. Solve anagrams, scramble-
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LINE DESIGN 2

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PROFORMA FONT PACK (high quality extra fonts)
PROFORMA interface for C68 users

PFLIST text listing utility
PFDATA data listinn utility

OPAC2

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PE IDIOT'S GUIDE by Norman Dunbar, free with QPAC2 or by
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PAGE DESIGNER 3

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LINE DESIGN

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£40.00

COMPUTERS 101 (A Tutorial) ears)

London, ENGLAND - Mark Knight
5 Mass Storage.

If the data in a computer’s memory is not to be lost when the system is switched off, some more permanent means of
storage must be found than the RAM within the system. If the computer is to remain switched on for weeks or
months at a time, more data and instructions are likely to be needed than could be contained in RAM, so even
mainframes which are rarely switched off throughout their lives need MASS STORAGE.

Mass storage devices allow computers to store programs and data in a form that will last. Most mass storage will
keep data even if the power fails completely or the system is shut down.

5.1 Floppy disk drives.

The most common storage method for microcomputers is currently the FLEXIBLE DISK, more commonly known as
the FLOPPY DISK. This uses a flat, plastic disk coated in a material closely related to the material used in cassette
tapes or videotape systems. Instead of being used to record a sound or image, it is used to record a stream of bits.
Recording on a computer disk is known as WRITING to the disk, while playing back the contents into the computers
memory is known as READING the disk.

In order to find data stored on a disk, it has to be organised in a pattern when it is saved. Most floppy disks use
regularly spaced, narrow circular TRACKS, 80 on each side. Each track is divided into SECTORS, also regularly
spaced, and so that the system can find them each sector has a SECTOR HEADER. To give the system time to read
and absorb the data from a sector, there is a gap between each sector and the next, known as the SECTOR GAP. All
of this information has to be written in blank form on the disk, along with a MAP of where everything is. The
process of preparing this information, to make the disk writeable, is called FORMATTING the disk.

The tracks are normally numbered from 0, so a 40-track drive has tracks 0 to 39 on each useable side, whereas an
80-track drive has tracks 0 to 79. There may be eight, nine, eighteen or more sectors in each track, each sector
containing a fixed amount of data. Most QL disk systems have until recently used double-sided disks, 80 tracks per
side, with 9 sectors per track, giving 9*80*2 = 1440 sectors. As each sector contains 512 bytes, or 0.5k, the disk
has 720k of storage space.

With a Gold Card or Super Gold Card fitted you may use HD disk drives (High Density), which pack 18 sectors per
track, giving twice the usual 720k, or 1.44Mb. It is also possible to use ED drives (Extra high Density), giving
6400 sectors, or 3.2 Mb. Note that, for some reason only known to disk drive manufacturers, a Megabyte on floppy
disk is often 1000k, not the more usual 1024k used when rating RAM storage.

Some older disk drives use only 40 tracks on a side, and some in fact use only one side of the disk. Fortunately
these SINGLE-SIDED drives are now rare, as the storage on a disk written in one of these drives is rather limited
compared to a modem drive. The technology involved is quite refined, as in order to read a disk, the drive has to be
able to position the drive head very accurately on the same track. It is no good trying to read track 1 at a set distance
from the edge, and next time at a different distance. Similarly, the sector packing is limited by how fast the system
can react as the disk spins.

Early floppy disk drives used EIGHT-INCH DISKS, often single sided and HARD-SECTORED. A hard-sectored
disk had one or more holes in it, close to the centre of the disk, and evenly distributed around the circular path.
These were read in the drive by a light sensor detecting a small light shining through the holes, and the timing of the
sectors on the disk could then be assured to be the same each time the disk was read or written.

Eventually SOFT-SECTORED disks were invented, in which the disk sector headers were written as patterns on the
disk when it was first formatted. No holes were required to position the sectors, and the drive became simpler.
Disks were also cheaper, as the stage of manufacture where the holes were made was eliminated. The new hardware
had to find sectors by reading the sector headers, but the technology had advanced to the point where this was easy
enough and cheap enough.

20

COMPUTERS 101 - (CONT’D)

When double sided drives arrived, storage doubled, and it was possible to fit 180k on an 8 inch, single density disk,
or 360k on a double density disk. As usual, this was seen as plenty at the time, but later became an almost comically
small capacity.

The unwieldy 8 inch disks were eventually replaced by FIVE-AND-A-QUARTER inch disks, though at first not
with the same storage capacity as their bigger relatives. The technology of the day could pack 400k onto an 8 inch
disk by this time, but 280k was pushing it for a 5.25 inch disk. Later, 360k became the norm for 5.25 inch disks,
and the 8-inch drive died from a lack of interest. The newer disks were easier to store and handle, and very soon
cheaper, too.

The double-sided, double density 5.25 inch disk arrived eventually, and gave 720k of storage. This was beaten by
the newer, HD 5.25 inch disk, giving 1.2Mb of storage, and soon this was being widely adopted. At the same time,
the new THREE-AND-A-HALF INCH disks were also becoming popular. 3.5 inch disks, as well as being smaller,
were made with a rigid plastic casing instead of the soft, vulnerable jacket of the 5.25 inch disks. 3.5 inch disks
were, therefore, soon to become the new standard.

At around the time the QL was launched, single sided, 360k 3.5 inch drives could be purchased in bulk for little
more than the cost of the two microdrives built into the QL. This looks like a serious missed opportunity to me!

As data is stored on disks, the sectors are used up. Just as when storing data anywhere else, it must be stored in a
fashion that allows the system to find it again. Different operating systems usually use different ways of storing data
and programs on disk, but they have much in common, as you might expect.

One common feature is a MAP, known on some systems as a File Allocation Table, or FAT. This is usually stored
in track zero, in a fixed location, so that it can be found without having to search the whole disk. It stores a map of
which sectors on the disk are free, which are allocated to files or programs, and which are unusable. The MAP is
used, in QL systems, along with the DIRECTORY, which is the first file on the disk.

In order that each program or data set stored on the disk can be found when it is needed, it is given a FILENAME.
The data is then stored in CLUSTERS, groups of sectors each allocated to a file. This storage does not allow less
than one cluster to be used for a file, nor any fractions of clusters. On a QL or IBM format disk, each cluster is
three sectors, so the smallest file of just one byte, or even an empty file with zero bytes, takes up three sectors.

This grouping of sectors into clusters simplifies the map and keeps it from taking up too much of the disk. Small
files take a disproportionate amount of space, but hopefully there are not too many of these on an average disk, so
the waste is not too great in most cases. Each program or datafile on the disk has an entry in the DIRECTORY.
The directory contains the filename, length, type, and some other information about the file, including which sector
is the first one in the file.

The first sector may then contain the file HEADER, which contains extra information about the file for the filing
system to use. There is also frequently a pointer to the next cluster, if the file takes up more than one cluster of
sectors. This information may be stored in the MAP or FAT instead, and these details will vary from one filing
system to another.

Clusters may be three sectors each, as in QL and IBM PC floppy disk systems, more or fewer sectors, depending
upon a number of factors. In some systems the size of a cluster can be changed from one disk to another, and the
map may contain details of the sector and cluster sizes. On QL floppy disk systems, these are usually fixed, and are
best not changed even when they aren’t fixed.

5.2. Microdrives and other tape drives.

Microdrives are a form of TAPE DRIVE. Tape drives are similar to disk systems in some ways, but are much
slower to access, and are not usually used for constant, repeated storage in the same way as a disk system. Tape
drives common in the computer industry use QUARTER INCH TAPE CARTRIDGES, and are used for backup
purposes and for archiving important data. They can often hold 80Mb of data or more.

Microdrives are a smaller, cheaper alternative, and were actually faster than some 5.25 inch drives when the QL was
21

COMPUTERS 101 - (CONT’D)

new, in 1984. The reliability of microdrive cartridges is very poor compared to disks, as they are trying to pack a
lot into the tiny area of the tape available to the drives. It is remarkable how good they are, when the problems are
considered.

Tape drives, too, divide the tape up into sectors. The first sectors usually contain mapping information that allows
the drive system software to select which of the remaining sectors it wishes to read, if the whole tape is not being
read. Some tape drive systems use an endless loop of tape, and some use a system like a cassette, where the tape
must be rewound after reaching the end. Microdrives use the endless loop system for speed. Although they are
divided into sectors, microdrives avoid the cluster system, effectively having a cluster size of one sector.

5.3 Hard disks.

Described simply a HARD DISK drive puzzles some users who have only used floppy disks, as it is rather like a
floppy disk drive, but with a disk that is sealed inside and cannot be changed. Why bother with a disk drive that can
only ever use one disk?

The answers, of course, are many. The hard disk is sealed in a low-pressure environment, almost a vacuum in many
cases. There is no dust, and the read head rides close to the disk on a cushion of air, almost like a hovercraft (I did
say almost a vacuum). Unlike a floppy disk, the head never actually touches the disk unless something has gone
seriously wrong. The hard disk platter, however, is not like a floppy disk in some important details.

The finish on a the disk inside a hard disk drive is extremely fine, like a mirror finish. Irregularities are polished out
in the manufacturing stages, down to the point where only a few microns separates the high and low points on the
surface. This allows much, much higher data densities than a floppy disk can manage, and is sealed to prevent dust
particles from damaging it.

As well as the disk, the mechanism of a hard disk drive is very special, too. The read head can be positioned much
more accurately, and is much smaller, allowing hundreds of tracks on some disks, and many, many more sectors per
track than any floppy drive. The disk can be spun at a very high speed, as nothing is actually going to touch the
surface, and so access speeds are much higher than floppy disks, too.

In many hard disk drives there are actually two, three, four or more disks, each with heads to read the data from both
sides, though normally the software still reads the whole thing as one big disk. On some of the fastest and largest
capacity drives, there may even be more than one read/write head to each side of the disk, allowing more than one
sector at a time to be read or written, and so allowing very fast transfer of data to or from the disk.

Instead of the 720k or 1,440k of data on an average floppy, a typical modern hard disk drive has 80Mb, or 80,000k
of data storage capacity. Some hard disks can also transfer data to a computer memory hundreds of times faster than
a floppy disk. The hard disk is like a collection of hundreds of floppy disks, available almost instantly, and without
the storage and search problems that arise from keeping so many floppy disks around. (I know about these problems
first hand - my QL 3.5 inch disk collection is well over 250 disks - over half of them backups, of course).

Because of the large capacity, it is also true that backup procedures are a good idea if data on a hard disk is
important. A backup tape drive is usually the way that Denes tess ack Ue RPC cee pcaot ae ae) and
floppy drives are the normal backup on QL systems.

Sector, Cluster, and MAP or FAT sizes may vary enormously on a hard disk, as well as other details of the filing
system. SUBDIRECTORIES are essential on such a system, making it possible to impose some orderly structure
upon the thousands of files that can be packed onto a typical hard disk.

When asking for a list of the files on a disk (hard or floppy), the DIRECTORY command for that computer is used.
Some files may not contain a program or data, but another list of files. It is as if a filing system had folders in it, but
some of them contain other folders instead of just paper. Using the directory command on that file will produce a
list of the further files that it contains. Some of these could also be subdirectories, too...

A common feature of hard disks is their faster ACCESS TIME compared to floppy disks. The average access time of
a storage medium is the average time taken to find the start of a selected data item on the medium. The average
22

COMPUTERS 101 - (CONT’D)

access time of a microdrive cartridge is about three and a half seconds, while that of floppy disks is around a quarter
of a second. Hard disks now often have average access times of less than 20 milliseconds.

The DATA TRANSFER RATE (DTR) is also important; this is a measure of how many kilobytes per second can be
transferred from the disk to memory or from memory to disk. A QL 720k floppy disk usually has a maximum DTR
of about 30k per second, while 1.44Mb disks give approximately 60k per second and the ED, 3.2Mb capacity disks
provide around 120k. The slowest QL hard disk transfers data at about 210k per second, and some other QL hard
disk systems have been advertised as giving more than 512k per second.

5.4 Optical disks and Magneto-optical disks.

Optical disks use a different method of packing data onto a disk, but are often very similar in what they do to a
floppy disk. Larger amounts of data can be placed onto an optical disk, though in some cases a drive can only read
disks, never write to them.

The most common type of optical disk drive is the CD-ROM, the COMPACT DISK READ ONLY MEMORY
drive. A CD-ROM uses disks exactly like those used in an audio CD player, but instead of storing digitally encoded
music, the disk stores digitally encoded data. The laser reads the bits of data from the data track as the disk rotates,
and naturally these drives cannot write to the disks, which have the data or programs permanently etched onto them.

One disadvantage of a CD is that it is not a true random access device, as the information on the disk is recorded on
one long spiral track, marked out from the edge to the centre. To make things faster, the start of a CD-ROM disk
has a map of the information on the whole disk, allowing the software to look up what it wants and then go directly
to the appropriate area, but it is still much slower than the separate tracks and sectors of a hard disk.

CD ROM disks have a massive advantage over floppy disks, however, as they can store 550, 600 or 650Mb of data
ona disk. To put this in perspective, one CD-ROM disk could contain the entire Encyclopedia Britannica including
illustrations, plus the complete works of Shakespeare, a large dictionary (including definitions), and a thesaurus as
well, plus software to read all of this. Plans are also afoot in the computer industry to double the capacity of
standard CD-ROM disks by changing the lasers and moving the bits closer together on the disk. One recent report
suggests that the capacity, far from being merely doubled, could be increased to ten times the current value, to
6,500Mb per disk, or 6.5Gb.

A new form of CD, called CD-RECORDABLE, has been developed recently, and drives are available for both audio
and computer users. The recordable CD can have data written on it by the drive, and allows massive databases and
archives to be built up. Although both disks and drives are still very expensive, they are popular backup systems in
some industries. *

Other types of recordable optical disks exist, usually using MAGNETO-OPTICAL DISKS. These are read using a
laser with a low power setting, but they can be heated by the laser using the higher power setting, and then using a
magnetic write head new information can be written to the disk. Magneto- Optical disk standards exist for 20, 40,
128 and 256Mb standard capacities, as well as the CD-ROM standard capacities, too.

Magneto-Optical disks are also much faster than CD recordable, as they are organised in separate tracks and sectors,
rather like a hard disk. Some of these drives are, as a result, almost as fast as a hard disk, and may actually store
more data than a hard disk, and they are also popular as hard disk backup store for those who can afford them.

5.5 Making it faster - the disk cache.

As well as a RAM cache to speed up memory access, a modern computer system is often equipped with a DISK
CACHE. The fast memory used in a RAM cache creates the illusion that main memory is fast, too. Just as in a
RAM cache, a disk cache can create the illusion that a disk is faster.

When a disk cache is used, tracks and sectors are read off the disk by the disk controller and stored in RAM.
Normally as a large file is fetched, one cluster is read, the computer works out where to put it, the next cluster is
read, and so on. Some disk controllers have the facility to keep reading the next sectors of the file while the system

23

COMPUTERS 101 - (CONT’D)

is processing, storing the data in the disk cache, which is a separate cache from the memory cache if one is present.
When the system is ready to fetch the next cluster or sector, it is already in RAM in the cache, and so can be fetched
very quickly. This system breaks down if data is not read in the set order, from the start to the finish of the file, but
otherwise speeds disk access tremendously. As most files are read in this start to finish manner, it is a useful
addition to the hardware of some systems. This type of disk cache, built into the disk controller hardware itself, is
called a HARDWARE DISK CACHE.

Another type of disk cache, the SOFTWARE DISK CACHE, works as a part of the system software, keeping the
data in ordinary RAM like any other data. If a database program is using a file, it may need to fetch parts of it from
the disk repeatedly, to display records on the screen, for example. By keeping the data in the disk cache, software
can speed up all but first access to the file.

Most systems use a fixed, preset area of RAM for this kind of disk cache, and the RAM cannot be used for anything
else. Generally, the user sets the size of the cache in such systems, depending upon what the computer is being used
for. A system reset is usually required after changes to the size of such a cache, so that the system can restart with
the new cache size.

5.6 The future - optical storage, solid-state storage and the unpredictable.

Some computer systems actually use a storage system that behaves like a hard disk drive, but uses a form of SRAM
chip that does not lose the memory contents when the power is switched off. Such a drive is called a SOLID-
STATE store. These are very expensive in large capacities, but also very, very fast, as fast as RAM of course, since
that is what they are. Some researchers are concentrating their efforts on trying to make such solid state storage
more reliable and cheaper, so that it can be more widely used.

Optical storage methods using optical chips instead of electronic ones are also being researched, and these often use
lasers as both the method of reading and writing to the store. Optical and Magneto-Optical disks are also
developing, becoming both faster and cheaper as the research continues.

One of the obvious problems with some of these methods of storage being developed is that they are not currently
standard methods. One of the major advantages of a hard disk drive at the moment is that you can almost certainly
connect it to your computer, regardless of the make of the drive or the computer. Since the bulk of the hard disk
industry uses just three methods of interfacing hard disks to computers, an interface from one manufacturer will
work with drives from any other manufacturer using the same standard.

A new drive often needs to have huge advantages in order for it to be adopted at all. If enough users buy the new
technology at a high price, more manufacturers will make drives, and soon the price drops as both production
volumes and price competition have their inevitable effects.

This can mean that an excellent but expensive technology never gets widespread use, as if there are only a few buyers
in the early stages, nobody markets the new drive as a standard. A similar thing happens in other industries, as an
example the video industry. A number of years ago there were two standards for video cassettes, the VHS system
and the Betamax system. Although the Betamax system was technically superior, giving better picture quality as well
as other advantages, not many people bought them. Most distributors of cassettes, both pre-recorded and blank, did
not bother with Betamax, and soon VHS was the only standard on sale, as it simply wasn’t worth a manufacturer’s
worthwhile to make Betamax equipment or cassettes.

This all makes buying very difficult. Nobody wants to buy a new kind of Magneto-Optical disk drive, and then find
six months later that they can’t buy any more disks for it. Caution, sticking to standards and waiting to see what
other buyers do is often how company buyers proceed. The few who must have the fastest, or biggest capacity, at
any price, sometimes benefit the home, hobby or small business computer buyers by pioneering for us.

6 Software, Firmware.

SOFTWARE simply means programs and data, in other words the intangible instructions and information that enable
the system to do its work. If it is stored on ROM, and so is immune to change, it is called FIRMWARE.

24

COMPUTERS 101 - (CONT’D)
6.1 The Operating System.

One of the problems with computer programming in the early days of computers was that the programmer had to
know how to do everything. Writing a letter "A" on the QL screen, for example, can take dozens of machine code
instructions. The code for "A", 65, is sent to the print a character routine, which looks up in a table the dot pattern
required. The routine then needs to work out which memory addresses in the screen memory represent the current
cursor position, and transfer the pattern there. The cursor position then needs to be changed to allow the next
character to avoid being printed on top of the "A".

This situation was barely acceptable when computers were only used as scientific research tools, but to sell them to
customers the situation had to be changed. When commercial computers began, the OPERATING SYSTEM was the
secret of their success.

The operating system is a program that contains routines for printing to the screen, the serial ports etc. and to read
the keyboard and any other input devices. Any applications running can then update the screen by using the standard
routines provided by the operating system. The operating system also starts up and terminates programs properly, as
it keeps track of which areas of memory are free, which used, and what is on any hard disks or floppy disks attached
to the machine.

Operating systems help programmers to program without knowing the precise details of how the hardware works.
Operating systems also allow a program to work on many sets of different hardware, too. If an operating system like
Q-DOS is running on a system with 640k of RAM, programs can call the operating system routines to check how
much memory there is when the program runs, so the programmer does not have to know in advance. On a system
with 2Mb of RAM, Q-DOS can inform the program or programs running, and allow them to take more.

6.2 The BIOS.

Some computers, like the QL, use an operating system in ROM, which cannot be changed without swapping the
ROM chips inside the computer. Other systems don’t have an operating system in them at all, but have simply a
small ROM area that can search disks for an operating system and load it from there.

The small ROM containing code to load an operating system is often called a BIOS, short for Basic Input/Output
System. The BIOS usually contains a series of standard disk, screen and input/output routines that the operating
system can use to access the hardware of that machine. This enables an operating system to be used on differing
hardware, as the system can itself call the BIOS to find out what is and is not available.

6.3 The device driver.

One of the problems with writing an operating system is that often the programmers cannot know what the hardware
it is going to run on will be like, or at least not in every case. As an example, most QL owners use floppy disk
drives, yet the QL system was shipped originally with only microdrives as mass storage.

In addition, most QL disk systems have firmware on board that provides RAMDISK facilities. A ramdisk is simply
an area of RAM memory that acts like a super-fast disk drive, but the contents are lost when the power is turned off.
Ramdisks are ideal for programs that need to create temporary stores on disk, as they are fast, and do not slow the
program down as much as writing to a floppy disk would.

Also it is possible to add several types of hard disk to the QL, as to most computer systems. These all require the
running programs to access hardware through the operating system, yet the system was supplied with no facility to
use them. It would not be practical to provide routines to access every type of hard disk that a user might buy, nor
for each type of disk system. As well as this, parallel ports could be added, network expansion cards might be added
to an IBM-PC, etc.

The operating system itself often doesn’t include these routines at all. It can handle memory, the processor, and
supervise the running of programs, but device access is left to another kind of software - the DEVICE DRIVER.

25

COMPUTERS 101 - (CONT’D)

A device driver format is designed for each operating system, so that the system can load and call new devices in a
standard way. This is true of Q-DOS, which starts off with drivers for the screen, serial ports and microdrives, as
well as the console device, which combines a screen and keyboard. When a disk system is added, it supplies a
device driver for the disk drives, and this is linked into the Q-DOS list. Q-DOS can then access the "flp" device just
as it could the "mdv" one before, and if a hard disk is added then "win" will be added to the system.

On MS-DOS systems, if just one floppy disk is present it is called drive "A", and if two are present the second is
called "B". A hard disk device driver will add another drive, called "C", which software will access using the same
operating system calls as for "A" and "B". The only distinction will be the device letter. On a QL, different devices
have DEVICE NAMES, and if there is more than one a number is used to distinguish them. Floppy disk one is
usually, therefore, "flp1_", drive two is "flp2_". To save a SuperBASIC program on microdrive 1 you could use:

SAVE mdv1_MyProgram_BAS
.-.while saving the same program to a disk only requires a small change:
SAVE flpl_MyProgram_BAS

...-and the same Q-DOS routine will select the device driver, then open the file and send it to the device. The device
driver chosen will differ, but because they are written in the standard way, the programmer doesn’t need to know
about the device in use at all. The device driver is a simple idea that makes expanding modern computer systems of
all types much easier.

6.4 What it’s all for - the application program.

A running program like Quill keeps much of the complexity of the QL system hidden from the user. The
programmers wrote the program to read the keyboard using Q-DOS, then react to the keypresses in a set way, calling
the commands, adding the codes for the letters pressed to the document etc. In a similar way, any application is
deigned so that the USER needs to know nothing about how the PROGRAMMER made it all work.

Computers are made as a kind of general purpose machine, with a flexible instruction set that can be used in an
almost infinite variety of ways. The APPLICATION PROGRAM is the end result of all this, and is the reason for
the existence of the machine in the first place. Most users buy computers to make life simpler, and want a
programmer to be the one who gives them the tools to get a job done.

An accountant may use a spreadsheet, a writer his favorite wordprocessor, a manager might use a customer database,
while a secretary might end up using all three. The important thing to remember is that these are users, and they
often do not want to know how the machine or its programs work. It often helps if programmers at least try to
remember this when they are working, and particularly when they write manuals.

A programmer needs to be able to think using the orderly, precise logic that computers work with. This kind of
cold, pure logic is different to the sort of thinking that we use for much of life, where simpler, less exact logic has to
be mixed with emotional considerations, and our minds are geared to interactions with imprecise fellow humans.
For this reason and others, one person who has the ability to think in this exact and odd logical fashion will make a
good programmer, while another person, equally intelligent, is a poor programmer however hard they may study.

DATA PROCESSING is simply using a computer to process data. DATA is a technical word for information,

information in a form suitable for storage in a computer system. A single item of information is a DATUM, more
than one is some DATA. Data and data processing are what computers are for.

A WORD Of THANKS

Dilwyn and Janet Jones (of DIC) would like to thank everyone for the kindness and sympathy shown following the
death of their son Gareth Sion on Sunday the 9h of October, a special thank you to our customers who have been
very patient during this difficult time.

26

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(First interface purchase includes free 15D/9D lead)

outputs. For temp
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A BRIEF HISTORY of SMSQ

Le Grand Pressigny, FRANCE - Tony Tebby
"Incompatibilities & Improvements, Bugs & Features"

Was It All a Terrible Mistake? _1 knew right from the start I should not do it, but so many people were
asking for SMS to come out from under its covers that, in early 1992, I outlined a strategy (with Miracle Systems
and Jochen Merz) to make a "QL compatible” version of SMS available.

The outline was quite simple. A QDOS compatible SMS kernel existed (and had been in regular use since 1990). A
complete set of SuperBASIC procedures and functions existed. A complete set of (extended QL style) device drivers
for the Atari ST series existed as well as "portable" disk, serial and parallel port drives for other hardware. There
was an environment which supported QLiberator compiled programs. All that was required was the core of a
SuperBASIC interpreter.

Following the success of the Gold Card, Miracle Systems were looking for a legitimate operating system for their (as
yet undefined) forthcoming computer and Jochen Merz needed an operating system to legitimise the QL emulator for
the Atari ST series. It was clear that it would be best to provide a version for the Gold Card as well but as Miracle
Systems did not want to get involved in selling software, the Gold Card question was left.

I embarked on trying to find out what Sinclair’s SuperBASIC interpreter did. It was not difficult defining what it
should do, but Jan Jones had built it on the principles of a GIGO (garbage in, garbage out) machine. With limited
ROM space, there was no room for real error checking so Jan just tried to make sure that whatever rubbish
SuperBASIC was asked to deal with, it carried on and did something. The "something" was not always obvious.

While WE (QJUMP, those wonderful people at QVIEW, Jochen Merz, Albin Hessler etc.) would never deliberately
exploit "holes" in SuperBASIC, the same was not necessarily true of other software suppliers or contributors to PD
libraries. In addition, even WE had been known to fall through a hole by accident.

Compatibility, therefore, meant not only reproducing SuperBASIC as it was intended, but reproducing as many
oddities as would be necessary to execute most QL software. The two "compilers" for SuperBASIC programs
provided a starting point. The aim was to provide a BASIC interpreter which would provide:

i. better compatibility with SuperBASIC than either compiler,
2. execution at least half the speed of QLiberator,
3: an environment supporting both QLiberator and Turbo compiled programs.

Clearly, as some ‘software for the QL will not even work on all QDOS ROMs, total compatibility with a particular
QDOS ROM can only be provided by copying that ROM code. Even slight re-ordering of the QDOS ROM routines
(as in the Thor XVI) can cause considerable incompatibility. At this stage, there was no intention of providing
improvements. The "Minerva Experience" had shown the extent to which the slightest improvements could give rise
to extensive incompatibilities. So much for intentions!

The Birth of the QXL

They should not have done it either! _ In principle, the implementation of SMSQ on a 680x0 processor
embedded in a PC should have been fairly straightforward. The Gold Card used the IBM PC disk controller, the IDE
hard disk interface is not very different from the Hardcard used in the Miracle QL Hard disk and the serial and
parallel ports on the PC are much the same as the serial and parallel ports that you find anywhere except on the QL.

If the QXL had been designed as a card which plugged into a standard AT motherboard (no processor or memory)
and provided with drivers to drive a standard keyboard interface, a standard multi IO / floppy / IDE card and a
standard Super VGA card, it would have been simple.

To have done this, however, Miracle would have had to have supplied the PC hardware (at a cost of about half the
QXL card for a single floppy / 110 Megabyte HD configuration this would have seemed, to me, the obvious way to
do it).

28

A BRIEF HISTORY of SMSQ - (CONT’D)

However, it would have meant that the machine would not have been usable as a PC (sigh of relief) and would have
ruled out the use of portables and notebooks. In addition, second hand PCs were widely available either free or for
less than $30.

As one of the most likely reasons for a second hand PC being available at a very low price was that the hardware was
not quite a perfect clone, then there was no possibility of having a version of SMSQ which would access the IO
devices directly. Also, if the QXL were to be put into a real "working" PC, it would not only have to co-exist with
its host but would have to work through whatever low level software (Stacker, Doublespace, Hypercache, Smartdrive
etc.) was used to improve the IO performance of the PC.

As a result, any direct access from the QXL to the PC was ruled out and the QXL was to be hosted by a DOS
program. A logical decision, maybe, but, from the point of view of the operating system software, it was a disaster.

Where is the problem? The PC comes complete with device drivers for all of its peripherals all that needs to be done
is to pass data from the QXL to the PC device drivers (using BIOS calls) and vice versa.

There are three problems with this.

Le The design of the PC BIOS does not take account of the requirements of multitasking (it is, for example,
impossible to write something to disk while you are waiting for input from a serial port).

2. While the accuracy of the reference manuals about the QDOS operating system entry points left a lot to be
desired, the (inaccuracy of "reference" manuals for the PC gives a whole new meaning to the word reference.

3. All the reference manuals (so far examined) for the PC were written in the days of the PC and PC/XT. The
PC BIOS also dates from this period. The BIOS has been considerably, and incoherently, changed while the manuals
have been superficially updated to take account of AT keyboards, hard disk drives larger than 10 MByte and 3.5"
and HD floppy disks.

Take, for example, formatting a floppy disk on the PC. On QDOS, it is a single operating system call. On the PC,
however, part of the format operation is performed by the application. The format routine for the Gold Card floppy
disk driver took a couple of hours to write. As the PC BIOS does most of the work for you, it should be easy to
write a format routine on the PC.

There are a variety of DOS and BIOS calls to help you do this: setting the device parameters, formatting and
verifying tracks etc. I have three reference manuals which give example format programs.

I look at the first one, and think "this is very strange". There seems to be no way in which you specify the density
and there seem to be no checks for whether the tracks have been correctly formatted: it appears to be automatic. So I
try it. Fine, it makes all the right noises and tells me that my DD disk has 1440 sectors. I try an HD disk. Fine, it
makes all the right noises but tells me that my HD disk has only 1440 sectors. It try without a disk at all. Wonderful,
it formats much more quickly and tells me that I have 1440 sectors! - ALL FREE!

I try the second program: this one checks the error return from the "Format track and verify" call: it even allows me
to specify the density. I try it with a DD disk. Fine! it tells me that there are 1440 sectors. I try it with an HD disk.
Fine! it tells me that there are 2880 sectors. I try it without a disk: the format fails, excellent! I try it with a bad DD
disk telling that it is HD. Fine! it tells me that it has 2880 sectors. Suspicious, I try to copy some files to it using
DOS. DOS refuses to recognise it. I try the other two disks: neither is readable. Over to QDOS to look at the disks:
there are no sectors 1, 2 or 3 on any of the tracks I look at. This would explain why the first program did not bother
to check the error return from "Format track and verify": it does not verify!

On to the third program. This is similar to the other two, but uses the old "INT 13h" BIOS calls rather than the more
powerful "DOS function 44h" calls (wonderful this DOS terminology). This requires the use of a separate "verify
sectors" call. The verify sectors call seems to work: this routine gets an error on every track: it is right, after
formatting, none of the tracks are readable on any type of disk.

29

A BRIEF HISTORY of SMSQ - (CONT’D)

So, I try it myself. After a lot of experimenting with the BIOS calls described in the various manuals, I am able to
write either DD or HD tracks and verify them. The only problem is that I write too many sectors to a track: the last
sectors overwrite the first sectors on the track. After a week of work, I can select the density and I can nearly format
a track.

Thinks! Microsoft can do it, I should be able to as well. Now we start to see the problem: the DV3 floppy disk
format routine is less than 512 bytes. Microsoft’s FORMAT program is greater than 32 kbytes, almost the size of
QDOS, all its device drivers, SuperBASIC and all its procedures and functions. No wonder all the manuals are
wrong. It would take about 200 pages just to list the MSDOS FORMAT program, without trying to explain how it
works!

Disassembling all of this program could take months. I decide to trace the two paths of interest: 720k and 1440k
formats. It turns out that what you need to do is to poke special values into various undocumented locations in low
memory. I note all the locations to be poked and set up a format routine. Within this routine I poke all the required
locations, format the disk and restore all the locations to their previous values.

Success, I can now format DD and HD floppy disks. The only problem is that, despite my care in restoring all the
poked locations, after a format the PC refuses to recognise any disk change until you hit the reset button. Two weeks
have passed and I still do not really know how to format a disk using MSDOS.

Do I spend another 2 weeks finding out how to restore the BIOS after a format operation?

Even if I succeed in making it work on my PC, will it work on any other PC?

How can anyone succeed in selling an operating system where it takes two weeks to write a routine using the
operating system calls when it would only take two hours to write the same routine accessing the hardware directly?

Now we find the real cost of the QXL in development. Even though the IO performance of the QXL is well below
the levels that it would be reasonable to expect, the implementation of the QXL device drivers has cost between 10
and 20 times the cost of equivalent drivers for other 680x0 platforms. As a result, all the time that had been set aside
for the development of the SBASIC interpreter has been swallowed up. For the first purchasers of the QXL, things
looked grim: poor IO performance, no SBASIC interpreter. Not a very promising debut for SMSQ.

"You Take the High Road and I’ll Take the Low Road"

The QXL hardware strategy was not the only problem to be faced. Miracle Systems, for reasons which should be
obvious, wanted the QXL to seem as much like the Trump Card and Gold Card as possible, while Jochen Merz
wanted an operating system which was not just developed along the same line as the Atari QDOS extended device
drivers but one which went much further.

One man’s improvement is another man’s incompatibility. Now we have the problem of developing (and
maintaining) two different variations of SMS: SMSQ, the basic QL-like version and SMSQ/E, the extended version
which is likely to diverge ever more and more from SMSQ. Jochen Merz, therefore, decided to supply SMSQ/E for
the QXL as well as the Atari and Gold Cards. (Easy for him to decide: it was me that had to do the work!)

More problems. It seems that computer users are not very sensitive about how much they have to pay for their
operating system. They are, however, very sensitive about how much other users pay! Gold Card and Atari users do
not complain about having to pay for SMSQ/E (we told then it would be necessary back in 1990), but they do object
that QXL users get a "free" version of SMSQ with their QXL. QXL users do not seem to mind being asked to pay
extra for SMSQ/E (at the moment the differences are fairly small so it is not usually worth "upgrading") but they do
object that Gold Card and Atari users are not being asked to pay more.

Even worse, there are some QXL users who seem to think that they are being provided with a specially naff version
of SMSQ to oblige them to cough up a few extra pennies for an upgrade!

Then to cap it all, Miracle Systems produce a Super Gold Card which looks like a Gold Card, but turns out to be
rather different. We now have implementations of SMSQ on three distinct hardware families, seven different
hardware variants, four different display types, with four different 68000 series processors, in three (and sometimes
more) languages. So far, there are more possible combinations than there are users.

30

A BRIEF HISTORY of SMSQ - (CONT’D)

To avoid the necessity of producing a different version of SMSQ/E for each user, SMSQ now uses a module
structure which has been borrowed from the Stella (Stella????) operating system. This allows operating system
modules to be selected (or ignored) as the system is booted. In principle, a single version of SMSQ could be
delivered which would autoselect the right modules for any hardware combination. In practice, each hardware family
(Gold Card, QXL and Atari ST/TT) requires its own special loader, so that it is not worth incorporating all the
modules in each version.

Just as the number of users starts to take off, so does the number of variations. Jochen Merz ships a copy of SMSQ/E
to a Gold Card user: the next day there is a message "SMSQ/E does not work with the XXX keyboard". Not
surprising, the XXX keyboard uses a patched version of the JS ROM. The cure? Another keyboard driver module for
the Gold and Super Gold Cards and another language module (the keyboard tables). The net result is one new user
and four new variations. Counting variations is soon going to be like counting marbles in a cookie jar.

"’Till Death us do Part" In the days of easy divorce for reasons of mutual incompatibility, it is
surprising to find so many QL users wedded firmly to the old software packages of the "use it at your own peril”
style. When I started the evaluation of SBASIC, Miracle Systems sent me a bundle of diskettes (about 10 Mbytes
worth) of the type of software that they thought might provide a test for the compatibility of SBASIC.

I started looking at these disks on the Atari ST with JS and the E level drivers. After resetting the Atari ST for the
tenth time without having found any software which even started to work, I gave up and tried using a Gold Card.

After a day or so, I found two programs that could be executed, played with and removed without crashing the
system. All the rest either crashed right at the start, could not be made to do anything sensible, or could only be
removed by resetting (I began to understand why some users have been asking for a quick reset). I have been told
that a lot more of the software would have worked if I had set the memory size to 128 kbytes, but if you are going to
reset you machine to 128 kbytes use one program and then reset again, there is no point at all in using SMSQ: you
might as well stick with QDOS on your old faithful QL. Seriously, does anyone use this type of software anymore?

The first compatibility tests were very encouraging: all the programs which crashed on a JS QL crashed with SMSQ.
It seemed that we had obtained better than 95% compatibility. Moreover, one of the two programs that worked on
the QL worked with SMSQ: the figure was up to 98% compatibility.

"New Lamps for Old" One of the best ways of checking the originality of software is to
investigate the bugs. If two items of software perform the same functions correctly, one could be a copy of the other,
or they could both be written to the same specification. If, however, two items of software exhibit the same bugs, it
can be assumed that one is copied from the other.

There are very few "first level" bugs (bugs which prevent the system functioning correctly under "normal"
conditions) in QDOS. Because of the GIGO policy and the desire to limit error checking to a minimum to maintain
efficiency, there are a much larger number of "second level" bugs (where the system misbehaves when passed
incorrect parameters or data structures) and even more “holes” (where calling a system function with deliberately
incorrect parameters has a reproducible if bizarre effect).

During testing of SMSQ and SBASIC, a large number of second level bugs were uncovered in the JS ROMs. Many
of these showed up also in Minerva, none in SMSQ or SBASIC. From time to time, users have uncovered a number
of second level bugs in SMSQ and SBASIC. All of these were entirely new and have no connection with old QL
ROM bugs: SMSQ and SBASIC are entirely original!

Streamlining code has the effect of removing, altering or introducing holes. It is not surprising, therefore, to find
that many of the holes that are exploited by some common software, have either disappeared or been altered in
Minerva (giving rise to complaints of compatibility problems).

One such case is the xx.xxxxx SuperBASIC vector which is the same in all QL ROMs. This vector is intended to be

used with data structures set up by the SuperBASIC interpreter. This has three defined paths controlled by the value
of one byte (0, 2 or 3). Someone discovered that it could be made to produce a bizarre effect if the passed a value of

31

A BRIEF HISTORY of SMSQ - (CONT’D)

1 in the control byte. The resulting code fragment (which takes longer than using a legitimate call) has been
incorporated into a utility, which has found its way into a large number of programs for the QL. The streamlined
Minerva code no longer had this hole so a large amount of software stopped working on Minerva. The Wizard did
not manage to find the real villain in the code, but succeeded in restoring "compatibility" by setting a register to a
value which it would not normally have with SuperBASIC. This, in turn, altered another hole and introduced
different compatibility problems.

In SBASIC, however, the hole never existed. Once the villain code had been identified (a week’s work) it was,
therefore, a simple matter of detecting the villain case and emulating the hole directly. It was a waste of time and
effort, and it slows down SBASIC, but that’s what it’s about, isn’t it?

The boundary between a bug and a hole is a very fine one and if some software relies on a bug in the QL ROM do!
need to reproduce this bug? Unfortunately, the answer is sometimes GRRRRRR YES.

Twice recently, I have received reports of "bugs" that have appeared in the string handling in recent versions. These
"bugs" have been introduced into SBASIC to improve compatibility with SuperBASIC (there are still three "bugs" in
SuperBASIC string handling which are not emulated in SBASIC). Neither of these users was aware of that the bugs
existed in SuperBASIC: SBASIC is now being used where SuperBASIC never went before.

"Whose Fault is it Anyway?" One rather tetchy letter complained that SBASIC
was very fragile by comparison with SuperBASIC: using a well-known piece of commercial software: "SBASIC
crashed". This was misdirecting the blame. As the software was invoked correctly by SBASIC and as it never
returned to SBASIC, SBASIC could hardly be to blame.

This well-known SuperBASIC extension started off by trying to identify a fragment of the QL ROM, and, when it
could not find any QL ROM code (there is none in SMSQ), it jumped to a completely arbitrary location. BANG.
The cure: I re-wrote the extension and incorporated it (with improvements) in SBASIC.

In fact, SBASIC is more robust in this respect than SuperBASIC: error trapping is much more thorough (and
forceful). If it had happened in a daughter SBASIC: it could simply have been removed with no harmful side effects.
(Perhaps I should implement a keyboard "restart" for Job 0.)

Another difference between QDOS and SMSQ which might give the impression that SBASIC is more fragile than,
SuperBASIC is the default error handling: QDOS carries on but SMSQ stops to allow a debugger to be started. If the
job is already being monitored by a debugger, there is no difference. In the normal state, however, allowing a job
which has produced illegal instruction or address errors to continue could easily result in widespread damage to the
system data structures, possibly resulting in the loss of part or all the data on a hard disk. SMSQ is, therefore, much
safer, even if jobs appear to stop more often.

Many programs compiled with the current version of Turbo are wonderful examples of this. At the start of these
programs we find some code which sets a location in memory to 0. Several times later on, the value in this location
is moved to register A2 and then there is the instruction to move the contents of address 0 (A2) to D4, D2 is
compared against the new value in D4 and then there is a conditional branch.

MOVE.W (A2),D4
SUB.W D2,D4
BLT.S suas

On the QL the MOVE sets D4 to 3 so the operation of the code is dependent on whether D2 is greater or less than 3.
On Atari STs modified for the old QL emulator, the MOVE sets D4 to 24,622. The behaviour of this Turbo code

will, therefore, be significantly different on these STs as the operation now depends on whether D2 is greater or less
than 24,622.

32

A BRIEF HISTORY of SMSQ - (CONT’D)

On unmodified STs with a patched version of the JS ROMs, the MOVE will cause a “bus error" which QDOS
ignores and so execution will continue without changing the value in D4. D2 is, therefore, compared against an
unknown value: this will give yet different, and rather unpredictable, behaviour of Turbo programs.

On unmodified STs with SMSQ, the MOVE is trapped and these Turbo programs just stop. It is possible to set a
special "Turbo mode" (PROT_MEM 0) which emulates the QL ROM access by setting D4 to 3 and continuing. The
behaviour of Turbo programs on these STs is, therefore, the same as on a QL: SMSQ is more compatible with the
QL than QDOS!

"I See no Ships" —_ While SMSQ with SBASIC marks a great improvement in performance and capability
over the old QDOS ROMs, this has not been achieved without creating a few problems. The original SMSQ and
SBASIC had very few intrinsic bugs, but many incompatibilities. Unfortunately, it is one of the facts of life of
computing that making any changes to a existing software borders on vandalism. The neat structure of the original
conception begins to crumble and soon each little "fix" risks introducing a host of new problems. Fixing each one of
these introduces more. It is a tribute to Jan Jones original SuperBASIC conception that during the early days of
“active development" when new features were being added every day, the ratio of changes to bugs introduced was
better than 10:1.

SBASIC is a much more complex piece of software which has the disadvantage of being required to emulate all the
quirks of someone’s first attempt at writing a BASIC interpreter. It, therefore, starts off being not very neat and it is
prone to degenerate more quickly. SBASIC’s ratio of changes to bugs introduced is closer to 5:1 - small enough to
be convergent, but too large for comfort.

Fortunately, the bugs introduced from version 2.11 (experimental SBASIC) through version 2.25 (the first "release"
version) to version 2.42 (current at time of writing) have usually been smaller than the ones they replaced.

Although some compatibility problems with some hardware variations remain to be resolved and there are one or two
program which still refuse to function with SMSQ, the original aims for compatibility and performance have been
well exceeded and SMSQ is now establishing itself as a living replacement for QDOS.

So, is SMSQ/E at last stable? The answer must be no. As more and more people start using SMSQ/E there are more
and more requests for improvements (i.e. decreasing compatibility). SMSQ/E has now passed the point of no return:
there are more requests for improved capability than for improved compatibility. The current versions of SMSQ/E
are at least as reliable as any QL ROM version and are getting as close to 100% compatibility as is possible while
providing better performance and more facilities.

SMSQ/E is a commercial product and as such needs to meet users demands. If users require changes, and it is
commercially feasible to provide them, they will get them. SMSQ/E cannot, however be developed in all directions
at once.

For software development, a 16 MHz 68000 based Mega STE (1 MIP) with 2 Megabytes of memory running under
SMSQ/E (my "standard" configuration) is more than a match for a "standard" 50 MIP 32 Mbyte workstation. A TT
or a QXL ona good 486 machine is more impressive still. The Gold and Super Gold Cards have the same standards
of raw performance, but suffer from limited display capabilities, poor keyboard and IO.

How much more is it reasonable to do with SMSQ which, by its need for compatibility with a 10 year old computer,
is locked into a 10 year old design? Is there enough interest in the type of operating system concepts pioneered by
QDOS to make it worthwhile producing a completely new system? The future depends on your response.

(Editor’s Note: This is the first of what we hope will be a number of articles from Tony Tebby dealing with
this IMPORTANT new operating system.)

Please Note: Jochen Merz’s advert elsewhere in this issue. He is NOW SHIPPING all three versions of
SMSQ/E: 1) The Atari Version

2) The Gold and Super Gold Card Version

3) The Enhanced QXL Version

33

At the time of writing, SMISQ/ZE is shipped for all systems: ATARI,
GOLDCard and SuperGOLDCard, and the QXL The current version is
V1.40 - updates are free, just send master disk{s) & return postage.

At various shows | was mainly asked from the QXL users how they
would benefit from $M4$Q/E now. There are o number of advantages:
$MSQZE brings more virtual devices (like HISTORY). SMSQ/E will
give you much better control and buffering for the SER and PAR drivers.
You can independently set dynamic oder static buffering to any port,
which even allows you to have more than one channel open to the same
port (they are printed in the order in which they were opened). And, you
can forget about the annoying TRA toggeling for non-English speaking
countries. You know how boring it is: you print from Quill, or BASIC - so
TRA has to be on for getting the special characters. If you print from
text87, LineDesign or you do a ScreenDump, TRA has to be off. That's
no real multitasking! With $M4$QZE, you can specify on every channel
you open whether it should use TRA or not. So, just leave TRA always on
so that BASIC uses it for printing, ond tell LineDesign to ignore the
setting of TRA!

The integrated Extended Environment does not only give you the
advantage that it is incorporated in o “lightning fost" screen driver but
also allows you to do things you could not do with the standard SMSQ.
version, e.g. change the display size at will without restarting the
system!

And if you still can’t see ony advantages for you, then you'll see them in
the next development step! And as it will always cost you the same,
regardless at which level you enter the SM$Q/E development stage,
why not get it now and benefit now!?

More news: QSpread has improved, you can now protect ond unprotect
cells, it allows you to print the formulae of every cell

BlackKnight is now V1.4. You can pre-define various directories, to sove
games to, you can specify the amount of memory BlackKnight should

leave OR take etc...
SMSQ/E

$M$Q/E is getting more and more features thon originally planned. By
now you have probably read quite a lot about it, and there are still many
things to tell you about it, unfortunately it is not space here. If you need
more info about $M$QZE, look at the previous issue of IQLR - there ore
many details, and, of course, you are welcome to write for a free catalogue
with more (current) details about SM#$Q/E. Or, even better, get yourself
aversion of SM$QZE for your system(s) - it is not expensive!

QL Hardwore & Spores
FLP/RAM Level 2 device drivers for SuperQBoard
FLP/RAM Level 2 device drivers for TrumpCard
SER Mouse software driver
‘SER Mouse Package (mouse, adaptor & driver)
2X8301
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2 membranes

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@ and Fax: 0203-501274 * Mailbox: 0203-591706 «

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LineDesign Version 2
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QSUP Upgrade from any Version DM 16,-

EPROM Manager Upgrade from any Version DM 16,-

QD Upgrade from V6 DM 16,-

LineDesign Upgr. from V1 DM 129,-

DISA V2 Upgrade from V1 DM 35,-

QMON/JMON Upgrade from V2.x« DM 16,-

QMON/JMON Upgrade from QMON only DM 32,90

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The SHAPE of THINGS to COME

Zapresic, CROATIA - Zeljko Nastasic

Foreword: I’m sure that many readers would be surprised to find that my name actually IS pronounceable - here’s
a short guide: First please note that I cant actually write it down as it should be written (needs some special
characters). Well, anyway - the Z in my name is pronounced like GE in SabotaGE, and the J is pronounced as the Y
in Yes. As far as my surname goes, that’s easy - English speaking people would write it as Nastasich. As you can
see, fairly complicated - in fact, even among Croats it’s considered to have "too many letters’ - that’s why people call
me Nasta.

Miracle Masterpiece Enhanced Graphics Card
Status: You might be using one right now!

Finally, the QL is to get a major revamp of it’s graphics capability - rumours of this piece of hardware started a
while back, when the Super Goldcard was still in development, and Stuart Honeyball himself finally put a stop to
them - by making public the specifications - at the Reggio Emillia "Garage meeting’ in Italy, which I had the
pleasure of attending. The card is a small PCB which plugs into the socket of the 8301 ULA chip, replacing it. That
way there are no added connectors - the standard monitor output is still used. If you wish to use a VGA/SVGA
monitor (highly recommended), an adapter will be made available.

To stay compatible with everything, the graphics card completely emulates the old 8301 ULA, generating both old
and well known QL resolutions - 512x256 in 4 colours, and 256x256 in 8 colours with flashing. The news is it is
also capable of doubling the resolution in both directions, so we have new, extended modes 4 and 8 - 1024x512 in 4
colours and 512x512 in 8 colours with flashing, but only for SGC users, I’m afraid. There is, of course, a very good
reason for this - the extended resolutions have four times as many pixels as the old ones, so they need four times the
memory - 128k instead of 32k. Only the SGC has a free memory area large enough to accommodate an additional
128k of dedicated screen memory.

Because the memory speed requirement for generating such resolutions is way beyond the speed of the QL
motherboard RAM, the later is disabled. Instead, the card has it’s own 128k VRAM chip. The V stands for Video -
VRAM is a special kind of memory which enables the CPU and screen refresh circuitry to have access to it
simultaneously, with virtually no slowdown - something that a QL user knows about, with the old ULA slowing
screen memory accesses to half speed.

The new 128k memory is mapped into the top half of the 256k SGC IO area - the IO area is the reason the card can
operate in extended resolutions only with a SGC, because only a SGC has an IO area.

So what’s in it for the GC or even TC user? Well, actually, quite a lot! Part of the 128k of VRAM is also mapped
into the space previously occupied by the two screen areas of the 8301 - it has to be, for compatibility with the old
resolutions, and also to enable programs that access the old screen memory directly to have their output visible in the
extended resolutions. Some clever hardware takes care the old screen is shown in the upper left corner when the
extended resolutions are used. This also has the added advantage that when a card is fitted into a set-up which does
not use a SGC, it will still generate the normal resolutions, but with a nice speed increase - because of the VRAM,
writes to screen memory will be twice as fast.

But that is not all. In order to generate the new higher resolutions on old QL monitors the card uses interlacing - a
technique where two consecutive pictures with half the vertical resolution are displayed, one containing the even and
the other the odd screen lines, slightly displaced vertically, so that the even and odd lines come between each other.
This has the disadvantage that the screen refresh rate is halved, so the picture flickers, and because the monitors used
on QLs have less physical pixels than the extended resolutions, the picture won’t be very nice to look at in general.
This is why a VGA or SVGA monitor is highly recommended for viewing the extended resolutions. If you do use
‘one, to stay compatible, the card also knows how to generate the old resolutions on the VGA/SVGA monitor -
otherwise you would have to have the old monitor connected, too. Because of that, the card will happily work on a
VGA/SVGA monitor even when fitted into a non-SGC system, and at that, it will deliver a significantly higher
quality picture compared to a standard QL monitor.

Ata 1024 x 512 resolution the extended mode 4 will place quite high demands on a 14" display, especially a colour
3

The SHAPE of THINGS to COME - (CONT’D)

display - the users which have the advantage of owning a 17" monitor will certainly appreciate the improved quality
of the displayed picture.

For the new resolutions to be usable, new screen drivers must be used. These will come in a new ROM for the SGC
- simply replace the old one, and you are set up. Because of the double mapping of the screen memory, which
enables programs that write directly into the old screen area to work in the new resolutions, dynamic switching
between old and new resolutions is at best difficult to implement, and would also compromise compatibility. Because
of this the user will have special commands to choose the resolutions the system will use on power up - standard or
enhanced. The choice, however, is maintained in the SGC clock chip, and becomes valid only after a reset.

And now, only the final thing remains - the price. With a price tag of approximately £50, it justifies changing the
ageing 8301, whether or not you own a SGC - and if you don’t have a SGC yet, you can take upgrading step by step!
A highly recommended product, which will bring to the old black box, graphics closer to the standard of the QL
emulators.

SuperHermes
Status: Under development

There are rumours about that the well known Hermes upgrade to QL’s IPC is to have a successor, the real name of
which is not yet known - the above is only an educated guess. With the Hermes chip extending the old IPC
functions, it is difficult to imagine how superHermes can have still more functions packed onto an 8049 single chip
processor - in fact that’s one of the reasons why a 8049 is NOT going to be used.

The new superHermes can therefore be thought of as an "IPC emulator’. In order to plug into the IPC socket as
easily as the ’old’ Hermes did, it will be a small board, a bit larger than the socket, and it will use a high speed RISC
microcontroller with some additional goodies to implement all it’s functions - the original IPC or the old Hermes
won’t be needed any more. As expected, the new Hermes will happily emulate the original IPC, and Hermes, for
that matter - adding 19200 receive, keyboard click, and debugged sound and keyboard input.

You might ask what’s new - well, for starters, 19200 receive will now run at full throughput - the old Hermes code
is constrained by the speed (or rather the lack of it) of the 8749 chip. Since an additional PCB is used, other things
can easily be added - like Caps and Scroll lock LED drivers. And now the real news - it seems there will also be a
PC AT keyboard interface, while still retaining compatibility with the QL membrane keyboard, and thus with the
QLs joystick ports, such as they are.

All the rest is in the realms of pure speculation - since most modern microcontrollers have a built-in serial interface,
there is a possibility that a third serial port will be added - something which will certainly appeal to serial mouse
users, as it will finally be possible to use a serial mouse and a printer on the old ports, and a modem on the new,
third serial port, without problems. Due to the use of a much faster microcontroller, higher baud rates may also be
possible, and a more complete set of handshake lines.

There could also be interesting developments involving sound, one of which is to make sound generation
independent from serial and keyboard input - the old IPC and the Hermes would slow down significantly when
beeping. As customary, the new Hermes will come with additional utility software on disc, which will enable the
user to access all the new features. There will also be an attractive upgrade offer - the old Hermes can be traded in
for a discount on the new one.

How much are you willing to pay for all this? Well, if you add up the costs of a Hermes, and a keyboard interface
(and maybe even an additional serial port), you will run into quite high numbers, and will probably be surprised that
the new Hermes will cost less! The bad news - it won't be available for quite a while. However, rumour has it that
work on the prototypes has already started - so there may be some surprises!

Backplane
Status: Prototypes are finished

36

The SHAPE of THINGS to COME - (CONT’D)

A good passive backplane is very much needed presently, as more and more serious users are realising it is time to
move their hardware from the confines of the old plastic box to something less constraining. An obvious and
affordable solution is to put the whole lot (QL board, all add-on boards, and all drives) into a PC case - which is
commonly and cheaply available. However, this is not for the faint-hearted - the designers of the QLs circuit board
never had anything like a PC case in mind. Also, a simple way is needed to fit all the extra boards, and the QL
motherboard so that it can use the benefits of a good power supply, and a more spacious enclosure.

In my view the only way to do this is to use a backplane onto which all cards go, and onto which a PC power supply
can be plugged directly, without the need for soldering. Because of this (and as much because my QL occupies half
of my desk, and continually needs dusting) I have decided to design such a backplane.

Unlike some backplanes on the market, this one is to be made as electrically sound as possible. We all know that due
to the size of the whole QL set-up, the length of the signal and power lines provides for excessive noise - so much so
that it is becoming increasingly difficult to design and add any kind of circuitry to the QL. Because of this steps have
to be taken not to further worsen the situation when the backplane is added, and if possible to even make the noise
situation better.

There are well known ways to avoid additional noise problems, and they are to be used on this backplane - note
however that they cannot undo the noise that all the rest of the system makes. The board is to have a ground plane
and termination resistors - making it best suited for a SGC, which was (and I quote) ‘specifically designed to work
on a backplane’. Needless to say, it will work flawlessly with other boards as well - otherwise there would not be
much sense in it!

Another problem which the backplane is to solve is adding slots to plug in new add-on boards. The big problem was
to decide about the number of slots the backplane is to provide. Finally, a decision was made to provide for 3
expansion places, and an additional dedicated place for the motherboard. This should cover the needs of most QL
systems and the dimensions of most PC cases - in fact, one of the reasons for the decision is to make the board
installable into a workstation type case, for use with the upcoming motherboard replacement.

As said, the backplane will also have a PC type power connector, so that a PC power supply can be simply plugged
in. Because of this certain trade-offs are needed - for instance some modifications might be needed when connecting
some boards - 9 to 5V regulators will have to be bridged, and 12V regulators on the QL motherboard removed, as
the PC power supply provides for all needed voltages, without further regulation. The only real change will be that
the lines used to carry 9V power will be used for 5V power instead. I can only promise that using SV instead of 9V
will be as easy as setting a jumper on everything I’m involved in - unfortunately I cannot make other designers do
the same.

In my view having jumpers which are extremely simple and cheap is better than trying to find 9V switching power
supplies, undoubtedly at horrendous prices.I think I can safely predict that prototypes, and maybe even the
production version of the backplane will appear at the international meeting in Eindhoven.

Fast Serial Board
Status: Available early this year as a public domain project.

The author of the hardware is Terry Harman (designer of the Fastnet card), and the author of the software is Phil
Borman (most recent project - driver for QUBIDE). The project is still under development, and the recent
information I have is that throughput tests are being done with two prototypes. The card has a single serial port
which will be able to handle high baud rates. The authors expect it to easily do 57600, or even more. The hardware
itself can go up to 153600 baud.

The card uses an industry-standard UART chip (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) for serial
communication, and two FIFO (First-in First-out) chips for hardware data buffering, one for each direction. The
original project uses 512 byte FIFO buffers, but 2k chips can also be used, as they are pin-compatible - so no
changes are needed in the circuit.

37

The SHAPE of THINGS to COME - (CONT’D)

Two versions of the circuit will be made available - one that plugs into the QL’s expansion port, and one that uses
the ROM port. Unfortunately, I have no more specific information about the project yet, except that there are plans
to distribute the diagrams and software over international areas on QDOS BBSs.

QUBIDE expander

Status: Prototypes are on their way

This simple accessory will enable QUBIDE users to add more drives. From the start QUBIDE was designed to avoid
the pitfalls of PC IDE - like being able to connect only two drives using difficult master-slave arrangements, and
having to know the drive parameters.

Without the drive expander, QUBIDE still needs to rely on master-slave arrangements, which have recently proved
to range from problematic to totally non-functional. The expander is a circuit which makes the QUBIDE interface act
as multiple IDE interfaces, allowing the user to connect up to four master-slave drive pairs - that is up to 8 drives.
Since a large majority of users won’t be using 8 drives, provided that up to four drives are used, they could be
connected as masters only, thus neatly avoiding all problems with connecting drives as slaves. In effect, you will
only need to plug in a new drive, without any worries about changing jumpers on them, or knowing they are there at
all!

By the time this article is published, a new release of QUBIDE firmware will be about, adding some new facilities.
Since QDOS is limited to 8 drives on each device, on QUBIDE this translates to a maximum of 8 partitions. The
number of drives these occupy depends on the size of the drives and of the partitions. However, the new firmware
will allow you to decide which partitions (up to 8 at the same time) are to be used from a much larger set - as much
as you can have on all the drives connected to the QUBIDE board! In effect, you can tell the driver which partition
on which drive it is to use for any win] to win8 currently in use - in fact it will allow you to change the assignment
at any time. On power up the system will automatically use the first partition on the first drive as winl, and run a
boot program from there - the boot program can then re-assign anything it wants, including even winl. This can be
used to link in only the most used partitions (and thus save in memory space needed to hold the map of the partition).
Other, less used drives or partitions can then be linked in only when needed, a good example being a backup drive.

As in the current firmware, the driver will scan the system for any drives it finds, and adjust automatically, even if
drives have been added or removed - the only requirement is that the first drive always be present, on which the first
partition is of QDOS type. An additional capability which is now under investigation, is connecting an IDE CD
ROM. As it is not a winchester disc, it will not count in the 8 logical drives maximum. However, no concrete
specifications are yet available for IDE CD ROM drives, let alone a driver.

The expander itself will look much as a normal IDE cable - the only exceptions being that the end that goes into
QUBIDE will have a small PCB which acts as a connector, and the other end will have eight IDE connectors to plug
into the drives. With this simplicity, there will also come a low price - but that detail is not known yet.

Miracle QXL Accelerator
Status: Under development, to appear mid 1995 or thereafter

At the QItaly Club AGM in July 1994, Stuart Honeyball of Miracle Systems has announced that they are working on
an adapter board which will replace the 68EC040 CPU on the QXL with a 68060 CPU, the newest addition to the
68k range of microprocessors from Motorola.

Details about the construction, the name of the board as well as the intended price were not expounded upon, so are
as yet unknown. The release time has been loosely defined as the second half of 1995. It is rumoured that the 68060
is even a bit cheaper than the 68040 at the same clock so the board might turn out to be quite cost effective. Since the
slowest 68060 available operates at S0MHz (and by the time of launch faster versions might be available at an
acceptable price) it can well be expected to significantly speed up the QXL. Miracle estimate a speed of 3 times the
original QXL - which will make the QXL about as fast as greased lightning. The faces of the QXL users present at
the time (something like a cat that has just eaten a Canary bird) were ample evidence that they can hardly wait to
make their really fast QXLs into really really fast QXXLs.

38

The SHAPE of THINGS to COME - (CONT’D)
QL REPLACEMENT motherboard

Status: Under development

Here I have to start writing in the first person again - this is my own brainchild. Basically, the new motherboard is
nothing fancy - merely a reshuffling of existing components (loosing a few in the process) with some added
capability (adding some components in turn).The basic idea behind it is to ’modernise” the existing motherboard to
the current state of technology in the QL world - hardly anyone could imagine Goldcards (both varieties), Minervae,
Hermeses and Masterpiece graphics cards, to name just a few, to be fitted to the existing motherboard. Once they
are, however, many parts of the board become obsolete, if they weren’t already made so by the passage of time. The
following is the current specification:

What was taken out:

- 68008 and associated socket. If space allows, this might still be included.

- 8301 ULA and the associated 128k of slow RAM. The Miracle Masterpiece takes the place of both. However, if
space allows, the 8301 will be supported.

- QL ROM - there is only one socket for a Minerva. Your Old ROM can still be connected, as well as an EPROM -
a jumper has to be set in order to tell the decoding logic what to expect. There are plans to support EPROM of 128k
so that the EPROM can contain Minerva and JS, selected by a switch. Other possibilities exist, but those will work
only on the SGC - for instance having Minerva with add-on software mapped into the IO area of the SGC.

- Microdrives (I doubt anyone will grieve for those in age of ED floppies and hard discs)

- RF modulator and TV output, composite video output. The monochrome output will still be present.
- One joystick connector

- Much of the original motherboard’s size and power requirement!

What has been replaced and enhanced:

- The serial port connectors are replaced by pin headers compatible with the PC. Serl has been fitted with an
additional (input only) connector for fitting a serial mouse, which also has power routed to it for the same purpose.
Both the input and the output of Ser still remain available at the ‘normal’ connector, but with the limit that inputs
on both connectors should not be used at the same time.

- The remaining joystick port (simulating the arrow key) been isolated from the keyboard so any type of joystick can
be used (and even an Atari mouse), and an input for a switch to emulate pressing of the ESC key has been added.The
connector has been replaced by a pin strip header, and can also supply power to the joystick.

- The network pofts have additional protection circuits
- The speaker driver has been totally changed to avoid direct current over the speaker which could result in it burning
out (I’m speaking from experience here). .

- The reset logic has been improved by incorporating "power good” logic, so the system stays reset until the
power lines are at the correct voltage, something that can be problematic when the QL is powered from some PC
power supplies.

- The ROM port has been replaced by a pin strip header an adapter will be available so that devices that plug into the
original ROM slot can still be used. The pin strip header is used because it offers much better contact, and is
compatible to the one used on the Fastnet board.

What is to be added:

- additional video circuitry, extending the capability of the Masterpiece card with an analogue colour palette, and
probably some new video modes (16 colours instead of 8 + flash, and 256 colours). Although this can be connected
to older QL monitors (monochrome and colour supporting analogue colour) a VGA or SVGA monitor is
recommended. 256 colours are available only in 256x512 (yes, 256 horizontal and 512 vertical). All colours, 4, 8,
16 or 256, can be chosen from a larger palette of 262144 colours.

- possibility to operate from a SV power supply instead of the original 9V.
39

The SHAPE of THINGS to COME - (CONT’D)

What has stayed the same

- the 8302 ULA is still used for serial ports, QL clock and the network. This is taken from the socket in the users QL
and simply fitted into a socket on the replacement motherboard. As can be seen the board is optimised for work with
Goldcards and a backplane, fitted into a PC case. Fitting holes will be provided for DIJ inclined who wish to fit it
into a standard QL case, but the accent won’t be on this type of application!

The specification details are not finished yet, as the board relies heavily on Miracles Masterpiece card, and Hermes
and Minerva developments.

WarplO
Status: Still only on paper

I have been toying with the idea for a fast serial and parallel interface card for quite some time. This has in fact gone
so far that a solution already exists on paper - there is no doubt in my mind that it will work, as it is very straight
forward, but some of the upcoming products, described in this article (like the PD serial card and superHermes),
have taken the edge of urgency from this project. However, it won’t hurt to toss some general specs around -
someone might get interested.

The board is intended to be a ‘proper’ expansion, so it offers no trough connectors - to use it you will need a
backplane, and probably a SGC if you have a GC and use the ROM slot for something else - although there may be
developments in the future that could circumvent that particular GC limitation.

The card adds two fast serial ports (up to 921600 bps) and a full (PC standard) parallel port. It uses a dedicated
68008 CPU with 128k of ’private’ ram for buffering of all ports. The on-board 68008 communicates with the rest of
the QL trough dual port memory - the on-board 68008 and the QL CPU have simultaneous access to it. This solution
was chosen because it turned out to be much cheaper than the required number of FIFO chips, so they are emulated
in software by the 68008. As an added bonus, the size of the buffers can be increased several times at the same price
- RAM chips are much cheaper than FIFO chips.

The serial ports offer many options: The baud rate can be selected for each port and direction, separately. It can be
chosen from a fixed standard set of baud rates, extended by a user defined baud rate (anything from less than 1 bps to
almost 1 Mbps), and there is also a possibility to use an external serial clock source. In the later case, input lines
which are normally used for DCD and DSR act as clock inputs, so that very high speed connections are possible
without clocking problems. Of course, there is a buffered clock output that can be tied to the clock inputs on both
sides of a fast serial connection. The clock can be programmed from a set of 3 high speed rates, and can also be
turned off to prevent excessive RF noise.

The on-board 128k RAM is to be used as two 32k input buffers and two 16k output buffers for the serial ports, and
the rest of the RAM is used as an output buffer for the parallel port. As with all hypothetical products, the price of
such a board is very difficult to estimate - but a rough guess would be around £120, maybe more - depending on the
cost of the driver.

One thing that is much easier to estimate is the size - the card could be crammed on a board a bit smaller than a SGC
- and the performance - 115200 bps could easily be sustained from a single port even if it goes onto a floppy - the
32k buffer remains only partially filled. The maximum theoretical limit of a 500+ kb/s data flow when all ports are
working at the same time could easily be accommodated by the card - however, the rest of the QL would be hard
pressed to produce or store such amounts of data fast enough.

Conclusion

As can be seen, if nothing else then from the number of projects currently going on, there will be much to do and
many things to play with in the coming years - extending the life of QDOS/SMS machines into their second decade.
And if the projects described here are any indication, I would say that the QL is still alive and very well - in fact, it’s
getting better!

40

28 January 1995
QREVIEW QL SHOW

Contact: Bruce Nichols
Tel: 0708 755759

Town Crier Announcements
of Upcoming Events

To have your Show, Workshop or AGM listed by the Town Crier, send all relevant
information to IQLR’s North American address. Please note deadline dates for
submissions listed on page two of this issue.

(SATURDAY)

Rush Green Junior School (10am - Spm)
Romford (London area)

Essex

GREAT BRITAIN

Note: Nearest tube station is DAGENHAM East.

4 March 1995
INTERNATIONAL QL SHOW

(Sponsored by: Sin_QLAir)

26 March 1995
Ttalian QL Show

Contact: Davide Santachiara
Tel: +39 522 70409

10 June 1995
3rd NORTH AMERICAN QL SHOW

Contact: Bob Dyl
Tel: 1 401 849 3805

(SUNDAY)

St Joris College
Roostenlaan
Eindhoven
NETHERLANDS

(SUNDAY)
Reggio Emilia
ITALY

(this is a proposed show contact Davide
for additional information)

(SATURDAY)

Faith Luthern Church
1300 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
USA

41

EINDHOVEN MEETING november 1994

Yate, Bristol, GREAT BRITAIN - S. W. Honeyball

This venue is developing into a regular international meeting place for Dutch, Belgians and German QL users living
near the Dutch border. There was also representation from Britain, France and Switzerland. It is probably not very
precise referring to "QL users” since Ataris running SMSQ/E and PCs enlivened by QXLs were very much in
evidence as well as genuine QLs fitted with SUPER GOLD CARDs. Jochen Merz, as always, was there
demonstrating his vast library of excellent software. His programs are written to run under the POINTER
ENVIRONMENT and are all of a high standard and easy to use. This is the advantage of the PE - once you know
how to drive one program you can drive them all since they all have a common interface.

Another source of PE programs is Progs of Belgium. This software house is essentially 2 brothers Joachim and
Nathan Van Der Auwera who not only speak very loudly but have written some first class graphics and database
programs. Anyone who has grown out of Archive should get their DATAdesign. They were demonstrating their
piece de resistance LINEdesign. This is the graphics program used, amongst others, by IQLR and is addictive. You
can place some text on the screen, expand it, stretch it, rotate it and after that you can even change the font and your
artwork will be redrawn in its distorted state but in a different style. LINEdesign illustrates another merit of the PE
and that is that it can cope with any resolution. For instance, if you load a picture in LINEdesign on a standard QL
and you load the same picture on a QXL in SVGA (800x600) mode then you will see the same thing except that the
quality is much better on the QXL. When you print it out curved shapes have smooth edges rather than the jagged
edges of more primitive desk top publishing programs.

A surprise appearance was put in by the man who made the QL so worthwhile, Tony Tebby. He has an infectious
enthusiasm which seems to inspire everyone around. It is sometimes hard to keep up with his quick reasoning but for
most of the time it’s impossible! Besides writing essential programs like QDOS, TKI, the PE, QPAC2 and many
other ancillary programs he has now rewritten the operating system from the bottom up and called it SMSQ. And, on
top of that, when another writer failed to come up with the goods, he completed the multitasking successor to
Superbasic called SBASIC which comes integrated in SMSQ. If you have not yet progressed to the PE then you
should contact Dilwyn Jones or Jochen Merz and get a copy of QPAC2.

I found there was strong demand for SUPER GOLD CARDs and QXLs and was heartened to see plenty in use there.
Frank Fritz of Germany showed a colour notebook PC, the NTK Cardstar, fitted with a QXL. This is a remarkably
compact system and makes for a truly portable QL.

Eindhoven is an easy place to get to and the venue, St Jorris College, is easy to find being opposite the zoo. There
should be more exhibitors at the next meeting which is in March 1995 (see the Town Crier page) and is well worth a
visit. Thanks go to the Dutch QL club, SinQLair, for organising a regular meeting in pleasant surroundings.

GENEVA Chatter

Geneva, SWITZERLAND - Ian Pizer

There is nothing like an invitation to write an article to get one to sit in front of
the keyboard. So, what will I write about? I wrote in QUANTA about a near
disaster with my QL which they published in their October issue - now the French QL Club (QLCF) have made a
translation of that article and intend to publish it in their journal "INFORMA". After a critical period I am
informed (!) that the club is being re-activated. Good luck to them - with all the hard and soft goodies coming
available for QL and its relatives they need not lose faith in their old QL friend.

In the same October QUANTA I complained about a problem - after printing from TEXT87 my mouse refused to
budge. I have since realised I only needed to configure T87 to use 1200 baud instead of 2400 and the problem
disappeared. I felt an idiot for not realising that! As a long-time member of QUANTA and contributor I can afford to
look silly occasionally. I still have a clash between the screen blanking feature of SERMOUSE and TEXTS87 (and

probably other programs).
If I stop typing for a time longer than the timeout time the cursor usually (not always!) disappears. To get out of this

42

GENEVA Chatter - (CONT’D)

impasse I need to do the following: CTRL/C, then down arrow to get back into the T87 window, then SPACE. Am I
alone with this effect?

Despite using TEXT87 quite frequently it does do funny annoying things at times, like changing the typeface during
typing. I can get out of that, when I notice the change, using BLOCK, or shift/F3, or retyping the changed
characters. I can transfer text to LINEdesign using PubPack but the instructions on how to configure the PubPack
drivers have beaten me, but that has not yet been a major setback.

When I used LINEdesign I soon found that text or drawings went beyond what my EPSON Stylus 800 could print,
so I prepared a page which only contains a rectangle representing the very edge of what is printable. I can merge this
page to check if anything overruns, and then delete that rectangle (Delete Object) before printing. LINEdesign is a
really fabulous program, fun to use and fun to play with. Printing with the EPSON printer gives excellent results,
quite professional (360x180, even better at 360x360).

QL meetings do not take place in Switzerland. Once I went to a QL meeting in Italy combined with a very successful
holiday at the edge of Lake Garda. One day I will appear at a QL meeting in UK. IQLR and QUANTA keep me in
touch with QL news. I do not have much success with BBS. My nearest QL user is Frank Gutteridge who is only 30
minutes away. We natter on the phone and next week he will bring his modem here to see if my modem is faulty. (I
cannot download using QUALSOFT software and F5). QTPI is a no-go on my setup - it will dial-up apparently
correctly and immediately disconnect. Jonathan Hudson got fed-up with my questions, I don’t blame him.

What might I get next? SMSQ/E sounds interesting but I need to know more details so I will wait for the next IQLR.
HARD Disk with QUBIDE? But it is such fun inserting and removing ED floppies! Does one need 2 hard disks?
(one seems pretty dicey if they crash and you lose all; sure, I can keep the ED disk drives and keep backing up
everything automatically with a clever resident program which does it every 24 hours, or once per week).

Anybody using API and SuperBasic with DATAdesign? It gives you great flexibility (somewhat like programming
ARCHIVE but its easier with Basic). However the explanations for the special commands are for super-duper
programmers and I have had difficulties using them. If enough users were interested somebody could usefully give
examples of how to apply the new Basic commands correctly. Here is an example of what I wanted to do - I have a
library file with some 300 records with 5 fields. I wanted to transfer them to a PC file, which I succeeded to do, but
linefeeds got lost on the way so the result was unsatisfactory. My three EDITORs were not clever enough to insert
code 13 (carriage return) in suitable places, so I wrote an API basic program which did the appropriate insertions
CHR$(13). I suspect there are even cleverer, simpler, ways of solving that problem.

About IQLR. Your price is reasonable, £25/year for 6 issues of 60 or more pages. Your production and organisation
is quite professional. It would help if Credit Cards were acceptable means of payment (is it worth it?). I like the
format and the mix of articles and advertisements. With greater use of e-mail it would be nice if QBOX-USA
information was available on internet, at least for QLers living outside the USA. I look forward to many years of
IQLReports.

CREDIT CARD HOLDERS !!

IQLR is pleased to announce that MIRACLE SYSTEMS LTD of the UK has agreed to become our International
Subscription agent. Miracle accepts most major Credit Cards. Subscribers and/or potential subscribers may now
telephone/fax or write Miracle Systems quoting their Credit Card Number and expiry date.

Those of you who prefer to use Postal, Euro or Personal cheques in £ (Personal cheques in £ must be drawn on a UK
bank) may still do so. Those of you using Postal or Personal checks in US$ drawn on a US bank, please send your
payment to our US office ONLY. Please make all cheques/checks payable to IQLR.

MIRACLE SYSTEMS LTD IQLR

20 Mow Barton P.O. Box 3991

Yate, Bristol BS17 SNF Newport, RI 02840-0987

UK Tel/Fax: (01454) 883602 USA Tel/Fax: +1 401 849 3805

43

GETTING a BYTE on the PAGE

Hamburg, GERMANY - Roy Wood

When I first got my QL the printer I had was a Brother M1009 - a nine pin dot matrix with both serial and parallel
ports but only one font. This served me very well for many years but recent circumstances led me to look for a a
better device to produce my documents. These circumstances were not mine alone and introduced a number of
conditions which would govern my ultimate choice of printer.

I had long eyed the various printers displayed in the shops but my own use of a printer for personal letters, domestic
lists and microphone and sound specifications for the bands that I worked for, did not seem to justify the expense of
buying a more high tech machine. I also had this great foreboding about printer drivers - or the lack of them. The
little Brother handled all the programs that I had - it printed graphics, screen dumps, and text from all three text
programs that I used and I had even struggled through the Quill printer driver to gain umlauts and a pound sign and
hated the idea of having to go through that process again.

There are many great mysteries in this world. What was the purpose of Stonehenge ? Why is reverse gear in different
places in cars by the same company ? How does the Asprin know where the pain is ? Why do all the aliens in Star
Trek speak English ? And why did the ASCII code only go so far and then stop ? With a bit more effort the people
who originally invented the system could have included umlauts, accents and all the other bits that most of us need at
some point. If the inventors of the code did not do this then the manufacturers of the printers could have got together
and come up with a standard ( or is this too revolutionary a thought ? ). Whatever the reasons for this chaos, we have
all spent years finding pound signs turning up as apostrophes and odd symbols that we had never seen before arriving
in our texts whenever we strayed from the ASCII domain.

Earlier this year, when our baby daughter arrived, my wife gave up working in the theatre and lost access to the
printers there. This meant we had to buy one for her to use at home ( she is also a freelance translator from English
to German with several plays and operas to her name). This gave me the final push to get a new printer but we
needed one that would work on her laptop and on the QL. This was further complicated by the fact that, although I
had graduated to Text87 as a word processor, there were still a number of old programs that needed to print things
and modem printer drivers for these were thin on the ground.

As usual, I turned to Jochen Merz for advice and he immediately recommended the EPSON Stylus 800. He had
many reasons for this choice including the fact that Epson drivers had been consistent over the years and many old
programs had an Epson-compatible driver in the printer list and ( the clincher! ) he used them himself. I accordingly
went out and purchased the printer for a modest Dm 500,- ( around £200 or $300 depending on tax etc.)

This is not a small unit (45mm x 40mm including the sheet feeder.) but it is light and very efficient. The printer
itself gives access to a bewildering amount of text fonts ( scalable from 12pt to 32pt ), condensed printing and
symbolic fonts via the ESC/P2 driver. This, in itself, is an astounding leap in common sense for a printer
manufacturer because the same driver is in use on a whole range of printers. I have yet to find a program that will
not print with it although QD has to invoke the TRA function to print some of the odder symbols. One thing that I
found very satisfying (but not a plus point for Epson) was that, although the QL had no trouble with the printer, my
wife could not get the supplied disk with the DOS printer drivers on it to install onto her laptop. It would install into
Windows but getting Word Perfect to read the printer driver proved very difficult and necessitated a trip to a DOS
expert before it would work. (superior systems - HUH ! )

LINE design

ESC/P2 drivers are beginning to appear all over the place. LINEdesign v2.06 sports one and will print a reasonably
complex page in a few minutes; although all the Epson drivers worked fine and I found that using the lowest
definition 9-pin Epson driver in the PROforma list gave me a feint grey printout which was ideal for a background
print on my notepaper. Installation of printer drivers in LINEdesign is simplicity itself and particular printers can be
chosen directly from the program at print time so the user can have a few available for specific tasks. All
LINEdesign drivers are configurable via the usual Config blocks and the Menuconfig program from Jochen Merz
makes this easy. There is one small confusion in the process: when the driver is configured you are allowed to choose
the printer port ( SER1,SER2, PAR etc.). I did this but when I came to print the dialog box had a blank space for the
port selection leaving me to type PAR’. After going backwards and forwards from Config to program I telephoned

44

GETTING a BYTE on the PAGE - (CONT’D)

Progs who said that the driver was configured and would print to the right port - it just did not tell you that in the
little box.

One thing that seems to be emerging from Progs is a range of products using the PROforma drivers. I have the
acceptionally cheap PFdata to print from their DATAdesign program using all the fonts from LINEdesign, the fonts
on the PFdata disk and pictures from LINEdesign. This means you only have to load the PROforma device once and
then these programs all use the printer drivers and fonts you have configured. More of this please, Progs.

Text87

Using ESC/P2 printers to the full with Text87 requires the purchase of an extra program and the installation is a
whole different ball game. I must say at the start of this that I like Text87 as a word processor and I would not go
back to Quill. Using it is both simple and fast and it has many different layers of complexity that you can negotiate
when you need them. Configuring the program, however is a nightmare! Although I realise it is not a pointer
environment program it is “designed to exist alongside it’ quite happily and I do not understand why, when the latest
version was upgraded for subdirectories, the whole configuration process was not given over to those friendly little
config blocks or at least something similar. I realise that the ability to change things from inside the program and
then look at the result is quite important in a word processor and that flexibility is a great bonus but a lot of us, I am
sure, use a standard setup for most of our work and that could be set a lot easier than the program allows. I am not a
great believer in pointer driven word processors but there are a few instances where the pointer would be very
handy. File and typeface selection are the obvious ones and some of the block and document navigation commands
would also benefit.

The ’Typeset 93 ESC/P2’ disk written by Ewald Ikemann (available from Jochen Merz @ Dm 69,- ) gives you all
you need to use the full capacity of the printer from Text87. You have the choice of 255 fonts and styles and all the
normal underline / subscript / superscript / bold / italic configurations and, in addition to these, there are some fonts
which have the outline or shadow options. The disk contains two printer drivers one (ESC/P2_P87) for all ESC/P2
printers and the other (STYLUS_P87) specifically for the Stylus range giving access to the scalable fonts. It also
contains a Fontlist (FOUNT_A87) and a set of extra fonts which should be added to those that are already supplied
by Text87 (Some of these fonts are replacements for the originals and give more options). The first task is to replace
the original Text87 FOUNT_A87 file with the one on the new disk. This will link some screen fonts (printypes in
Text87 terminology) to actual printer fonts. Next you have to increase the video scale from the 72, which is the
default, to 80 in order to keep the tab spaces correct on the screen and to make the text more legible. This has the
unfortunate effect on the standard QL display of losing the last seven characters off the edge of the screen. If you do
not correct the video scale the letters bunch together and the tab spaces sometimes have the unnerving habit of
jumping backwards into the middle of the words. Once these two tasks are done you have to tell the program to use
the right printer driver - in this case STYLUS_P87.

All of this is done from within the program and the settings are saved using the ’save parameters’ and ‘save driver’
commands. This is all quite logical if a bit ’round the houses’ but if you want to attach other printypes to fonts you
then have to go to the ’configure fonts’ menu and call up the font list. You can then manually delete fonts, or attach
them to different printypes. This is quite useful for things such as the Symbolic’ font which will give borders, lines,
fractions and other symbols. The disk gives a printable guide to where these symbols are on the keyboard but
beware, this is not WYSIWYG ,- they do not always appear in the same places as they do on the screen. Once you
have attached the fonts to the printypes you need to write the fontlist from the command menu and then (and I missed
this bit in the manual and spent ages trying to work out why it disappeared every time I exited the program ) re-save
the DRIVER. As I said before why so complex ?”

The Printer

All in all I am very happy with the printer itself. It is quiet, fast and the print quality is very good. You need to be
careful in your choice of paper as some paper absorbs a lot more ink when you use the bold option and the print
begins to spread but this is the same no matter which ink jet printer you buy. It has two slots for paper feed, the
front one will take up to fifty sheets of paper and feed them automatically and the top one will take single sheets or
envelopes and override the sheet feeder - putting the printer into “pause’ when it has finished printing so any

45

GETTING a BYTE on the PAGE - (CONT’D)

overspill from the envelope does not appear on the next sheet. There is the occasional paper jam but that is easily
corrected by removing the panel from the rear and pulling out the sheet and it does sometimes get a little greedy and
take more than one sheet of paper (also a paper quality problem I think) but on the whole it works well. The
cartridges are not refillable but are around half the price of the Hewlett Packard ones.

As I bought my machine in Germany it came with a German handbook but a phone call to the Epson customer
services soon produced an English version at no extra charge. Jochen also tells me that there is a sizeable
programming manual available from Epson for those of you who need to do these things. I did write to Epson
asking them to send me a definition of ESC/P2 in their terms, the price of the programming manual, and any other
information that they would like to be included in this article but, as I print this and send it off, no reply has been
forthcoming. I suppose that is the difference between a big company and the QL scene. When you ask for
information from a QL supplier it takes days not weeks and is usually a lot friendlier.

(Editor’s Note: The TYPESET93 ESC/P2 printer drivers are available from Jochen Merz Software. Please
note their advert elsewhere in this issue.)

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OReview ...

|) The reference guide to OQDOS and its derivatives
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QOD and OBASIC Review

London, ENGLAND - Mark Knight

1. QD VI

Introduction.

QD is an unusual editor for the QL for two reasons; firstly because it uses the Pointer
Environment, and secondly because it is mainly aimed at programmers rather than those writing text. The Pointer
Environment is now becoming more popular, and QD is one of many programs being actively developed in the QL
marketplace. Much needs to be done to allow users to make better use of the Pointer Environment, and one thing
needed is more software like QD, alive and still supported.

First Impressions.

My first sessions with QD were a struggle, but part of this was because I am so used to another editor, Digital
Precision’s Editor SE. Moving from a much-used program to a new and unfamiliar one is always awkward, and for
some reason changing editors or wordprocessors always seems to be the most awkward of all. In addition, I am not
used to working in the Pointer Environment, and I had to adjust myself to this as well.

The disk I was shipped contained two sets of files. After copying to a working disk, there were English and German
versions of each file, for example QD_ENGLISH and QD, and QD_HELP and QD_HILFE for the help files. The
default BOOT file refused to boot into QD, and instead redirected users to the manual for installation instructions.
Setting up the package so that the boot file loaded Lightning before the Pointer Environment and QD was easy, and
soon I had a working disk to start testing from.

There was a little initial confusion as I mixed up German and English versions of some files, not helped by the fact
that the manual was inclined to refer to filenames and make no reference to the fact that there were two versions.
This made setting up a bit muddled, but I soon had it all working smoothly, and was able to start testing. I have to
say that I don’t think the product should be shipped in this state, it should be set up when it arrives, so all I would
have needed to do was install Lightning.

QD is not a general purpose text editor, and is not really suited to writing letters, documents or other texts. In the
manual, it suggests that QD is mainly for programmers, and is best for writing programs in C, PASCAL,
FORTRAN, assembly language or SuperBASIC.

In use.

QD is simple to use, and indeed within half
an hour of loading I was using it confidently
to edit SuperBASIC and assembly language

files of my own. A pop-up file menu on the D test re)

F2 key quickly leads to a standard file x 8 thoif_esa
selector system that is used in a number of Y bier
Pointer Environment programs. This system, i Y arslbnaes

known as the menu extension, means that
many multitasking Pointer programs can all
use the same code for loading files. This
makes life easier for users, as once they
know one such program, they can use the
others without having to learn anything new,
at least to access files on disk.

As I don’t have a mouse, I really was testing the
Pointer system at less than its best, but having
said this it was never difficult to use. Moving the pointer when I needed to was slower than with a mouse, but the

49

QD AND QBASIC REVIEW - (CONT’D)

cursor keys were good enough. Often, in well written Pointer software, there are keyboard routes anyway, and the
pointer is used only as an indicator of where the user is in the menu system. This contrasts strongly with my
experience of Microsoft Windows on a PC (none of it voluntary, I assure you) , where use without a mouse is
extremely awkward.

All of the usual features are present, block marking, delete, searching forwards and backwards etc. and all are easy
to use. It was a pleasant surprise to find a program so easy to learn, and this was strikingly different to my
experience with some other Pointer programs, which I have found awkward and alien in their nature. In fact, I was
left feeling that this would be a very short review, as there isn’t much to say except that it is a very good, Pointer
driven programmer’s editor, and most users could learn to use it within half an hour of first running.

Special Features.

Fortunately QD rescued me by having a few tricks up its sleeve, such as the excellent SuperBASIC PROCedure and
FuNction selector. When editing a SuperBASIC program, QD can pop up a menu of all of the defined FuNctions or
PROCedures in that program, and allows you to jump to the definitions instantly while editing. It will also produce
a listing of all the assembler labels in an assembly language listing, and will jump straight to a selected

label. These two related features were extremely welcome.

QD can also strip off line numbers, and then add new line numbers at a fixed, even interval. Starting at 100 with
line interval 10 is the default, the same as RENUM in SuperBASIC with no parameters. RESTOREs and the
dreaded GOTO and GOSUB are not affected by this renumbering technique, but RESTORE is easy enough to find
and you are asking for trouble if you use GOTO and/or GOSUB anyway!

The only other editor I know that can renumber SuperBASIC programs is Editor SE, and this improves upon QD,
since Editor only renumbers the current defined block. With Editor, you can renumber the whole program by
defining it all as a block, or parts of it by defining just one section at a time as the block: QD only has the option of
renumbering the whole program, and Jochen Merz will probably consider changing this if enough users want it.

Selecting the scroll bars on the right of the screen allowed instant jumps to any part of the program text, though it
proved to be a bit of a hit or miss affair trying to make serious use of this, as it isn’t easy to judge where the right bit
of code is within the text as a whole. The other trick of splitting the window into two (to give two views of the
program) was more useful, allowing a programmer to refer to one part of a program while writing another. This
could be used to check what parameters are needed by a routine when writing calls to it, for example.

A feature often found in programmers’ editors for other machines, but not seen before in a QL editor, is the
automatic indenting feature. This indents program lines, so that after typing:

IF LineCount% > PageLength% THEN Split TEXT

..-if the cursor is at the end of the "Split_ TEXT" line, then pressing ENTER will place the cursor under the "S", not
at the beginning of the next line where you would expect a text editor to place it.

Another special feature of QD is the ability to call another program up as part of QD’s own menus, if it is written in
the appropriate format. This format is one known as the "Thing" format, and the Thing System is in fact familiar to
many Pointer Environment users, though in theory Things can be used without the Pointer Environment. I can’t
help feeling that the Thing System has a daft name; "Resident File System" might have been better, and then instead
of being known as Things, the files for this system would be known as "Resident Files".

Daft name or not, the Thing System is neat and extremely useful in the hands of a good programmer. It permits a
file to be memory resident, and it can then be called up by name. A Thing can be a program, a subroutine library, a
datafile, or some other type of file, and can have data passed to it or pass data to other QL programs or Things. To
call the Thing attached to QD, the use only has to press F10, or if your QL doesn’t have an add-on keyboard,
SHIFT/F5 will do the trick. QBASIC is implemented as a Thing, with special features to make it link smoothly to
QD.

50

QD AND QBASIC REVIEW - (CONT’D)
An Unwelcome Absence.

QD does not have an automatic word-wrap, and so is not suited to writing texts unless you are prepared to press
ENTER yourself at the end of each and every line. I found this omission irritating, as with just this feature and a
simple paragraph reformat QD would be better suited to producing raw texts. This is clearly not in the mind of the
programmer who wrote QD, but it means that many would find QD inadequate, and would need another editor as
well.

The amount of code that the word-wrap, along with a simple reformat, would add to QD would be small, and I think
the benefits would be great. I hope this will be considered for a future version. The beep that warns users of the
right margin was also irritating, but I can’t complain as it can be configured off if required. The keypress "click"
sound was also irritating when I tried it, but it is off when QD is shipped, and does no harm being available. Try it
if you buy QD, you may find it useful yourself.

I found an intermittent bug, too. When the keypress combination intended to jump directly to the bottom of the file
was used (ALT/SHIFT/Down) when the bottom of the file was already visible, QD could sometimes lose its cursor.
Switching to another multitasking program, and then back to QD, would recover the cursor, though it did need
several attempts at times. This never lost me any data, and so is not a serious problem, and I have confidence that
‘once Jochen Merz know of it, it will be removed. (Editor’s Note: the problem has been found and fixed.)

Documentation.

The documentation supplied with QD is barely adequate, assuming too much about the level of knowledge of users.
This is a fault of all Pointer Environment software that I have seen, as it seems to assume that you are already
familiar with the system, and so if you are not, you never get a good written introduction whichever Pointer program
you buy. This problem is known to Jochen Merz, and will soon be tackled, with possible cooperation from several
sources.

The English is quirky in places too, though it is good enough so that there isn’t really a language barrier. If all of
the information was there, it would be enough, and I feel users would be happy. With all of this said, QD is so easy
to use that once up and running, little information is needed.

2. QBASIC

QBASIC is an add-on to QD, designed to allow users to call up Q-Liberator from QD when editing SuperBASIC
programs. This’ is done by installing QBASIC as the QD Thing, and pressing the F10 menu key previously
mentioned to call up QBASIC (SHIFT/FS if using an ordinary QL keyboard, remember). QBASIC does a syntax
check on the program, then if all is well it starts up Q-Liberator and compiles it. A final option is to run the
compiled program if desired. All this is theory, so how did it work in practice?

I ran into problems right from the start. Although I normally write about the documentation at the end, I am forced
to consider it straight away here, since it is so inadequate that it left me struggling for some time. I am quite an
experienced QL programmer, not familiar with the Pointer Environment but nevertheless confident when editing
BOOT programs, installing software etc. It still took me over an hour to get the QD/QBASIC combination working,
and his was after I had already got QD working smoothly.

QBASIC arrived set up to run from hard disk, which is ridiculous. Very few QL owners, even programmers, have a
hard disk, ( Editor’s Note: this is changing fast with the launch of the Qubide hard disk interface) and my system is
still a single floppy drive system, though I do have a Gold Card. The manual assumes that users also know precisely
what a resident extension is, what the Thing system is, and gives almost no information as a result. It is a total of
four pages long, and would be at least five times that if I had written it, and probably longer.

So, as mentioned above I struggled for over an hour, editing the BOOT file for QD, then pressing the reset button
and trying it, editing again or reconfiguring QBASIC, reset again etc. Eventually I got QD up and running with

31

QD AND QBASIC REVIEW - (CONT’D)

QBASIC appearing in the menu, and Q-Liberator on
the same disk. When I loaded a SuperBASIC program
into QD, pressed F10 and waited, a neat menu popped
up and offered to compile it, compile and run it, or
change the Q-Liberator compile options.

1450 Cer ine PROCAGIre. ini but ut teri

1468 bul mes ze but fyoys ize
I pressed one key and Q-Liberator loaded, compiled aoe Thurso NON RESP bul
the program and another menu popped up. One ‘Sone
keypress later and I was looking at my program
running, compiled error free by Q-Liberator. I
introduced some errors and tried again, and QBASIC
caught them, placing the QD cursor spot on almost
every time and refusing to waste my time by loading
Q-Liberator again.

fer
ae

Within a few minutes, the hour proved to be time well
spent. If you are a Q-Liberator user, this would be an
ideal way to program. Use QD to write your code,

press F10, wait a while as Q-Liberator compiles, then
Tun it with one keypress. Many compilers from the

PC and Macintosh world work like this, with an editor
integrated into the compiler, and it is a very smooth

and efficient way to work. If you make a mistake,
finding it within the editor is simple, as most of the

time it is found for you when you try to compile.

If Q-Liberator produces errors or warnings, QBASIC
will show them before returning you, when you are
ready, to QD to edit the program. I experimented for
some time, and the more I experimented the more
impressed I was. It wasn’t any one feature of the system that impressed me, but the sheer simplicity and elegance of
the whole combination. For ease of use, I could not fault it, and apart from the trouble getting it running to begin
with I could find nothing wrong with QBASIC.

If you wish to be really disciplined about your SuperBASIC, and program or learn to program properly, you can use
the option to strip off line numbers and work without them. QBASIC will permit such programs to pass its syntax
check, and will allow Q-Liberator to compile them. GOTO and GOSUB and variants will then not be usable, and
RESTORE will have to be used on its own. This should make little difference, since even if they are there a good
programmer doesn’t use line numbers anyway.

If you want to write assembly language programs then QD can call up assemblers too, as an assembler Thing is
provided with QD. I was unable to test this, as my assembler doesn’t work with it, but the documentation lists more
than one assembler that does work. One of these is Q-MAC, the excellent assembler sold by QUANTA. If QD and
the Assembler Thing work as smoothly as the QD, QBASIC and Q-Liberator combination they will be superb to use.

Conclusion.

The documentation that I saw is good but with weak points for QD, and terrible for QBASIC. Some users of
Q-Liberator use that compiler because they are not experienced or knowledgable programmers, and installing
QBASIC as it was supplied to me would be beyond them. Once the documentation is sorted out though, I would
heartily recommend QD, QBASIC and Q-Liberator as a combination for writing Pointer Environment software on
the QL, or just as an improved way to use Q-Liberator.

The QD/QBASIC combination proved to be really impressive, providing a superb programming environment. The
system has no massively impressive individual features, but as a whole it provides a completely new, simple way to
work with Q-Liberator. This is a truly modern compiler environment for the QL, the first I have seen, and it was
hard to fault. In the end, my verdict was: Excellent software, shame about the manuals.

52

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ORGANISING A OL SHOW

Tal-y-bont, Bangor, Gwynedd, GREAT BRITAIN - Dilwyn Jones

It all started with a bit of leg pulling. I kept asking Bruce Nicholls when he was going to organise a QReview show
now that Bob Dyl had organised his second Miracle In Newport. Bruce replied by challenging me to organise a QL
show in the North West of England somewhere. Eventually, I gave in and the idea, while looking like a lot of hard
work, started to appeal to me. Plenty of people have organised QL shows in England, I thought, so there would be
plenty of people to help and advise me.

I started off by writing down the WHAT, WHEN and WHERE for the show. This was in early August 1994.
1. WHAT. It would be a QL show, along the lines of other QL shows such as Quanta workshops.

2. WHEN. Luckily (for me), not many QL workshops were scheduled for late 1994, so it was largely a matter of
choosing a time to suit me. I ruled out September 1994 (too busy at work), early October (son’s birthday first
weekend, ironically and tragically he died in his sleep on his birthday), November (possible heavy commitments at
work, especially middle of the month, also potential clash with Bristol Workshop, though I didn’t know of this at the
time), December (too close to Christmas). That left January 1995 or possibly second half of October. I decided to go
for January 1995 to avoid a mad rush, as I was afraid that there might be other shows I didn’t know about in October
(it seemed strange not knowing of any Quanta workshops at all during the last four months of 1994) and my
inexperience at organising shows at short notice plus knowing how chaotic life at DIC can be sometimes.

3. WHERE. I live in the north-west of Wales, an area sadly lacking in QL users and without good road connections
to other parts of Britain. It had to be held somewhere in the north west of England, I decided, preferably at a
location never before having held a QL show. The only places I had a reasonable knowledge of were Chester,
Liverpool and Manchester. In the end, I decided that the lovely old city of Chester would be an ideal place as it was
a completely new venue and accessible to most parts of northwest England, the midlands and other directions by a
good motorway linkup and rail links.

The next step was to do some desk research. I
contacted other traders and generally

canvassed opinion. Most people said "yes, I’ll
probably attend", a few were cautious about a
new venue, one wanted QL shows to merge with
shows for other computers and one said flatly
"no chance in the north west, never mind
Chester".

Soon it became clear that everyone I spoke to
(with the exception of Jcoehn Merz, who had
other commitments at the time) wanted me to
organise a show in October 1994, not January
1995, so I agreed to change my plans.

I tried to work out likely attendance given the
number of traders and visitors at previous QL
shows. It seemed ideally suited to a village hall
or hotel function room, so I tried to find as many
of these as I could by whatever means I could
think of - phone book and Yellow Pages business
telephone directory, for example. (Steve Papierowski & Norman Dunbar at the Chester Show)
(left) (right)

Go situation had arrived. At this point, I was doing all this work alone, but suddenly that changed when the cavalry
arrived. A chance conversation between Mike Kenneally of Club QL Intemational and Stuart Honeyball at Miracle
Systems (who knew I was looking for a local helper) lead to Mike getting in touch to offer his assistance with
organising the show. By now, I was starting to feel in need of help (especially help with local knowledge) and gladly
accepted the offer. Mike lived in Cheshire and his knowledge of the area proved quite useful. We spoke a couple of
55

ORGANISING A QL SHOW - (CONT’D)

times by phone then met up in Chester to look for a venue. Before travelling there, I'd looked up lists of possible
venues such as hotels with function rooms, church halls, village halls etc, but one mistake I made was not to ring up
various places first to eliminate the unsuitable places and cut down the work on the day. That meant I had to visit as
many places as possible on the day and I could have saved myself a lot of work by using the phone first.

The local Tourist Information Office proved to be a valuable source of help and I got lists of possible venues and a
list of accommodation from a very helpful official who obviously had good local knowledge.

At this point, I nearly came unstuck. Chester proved to be a city full of hotels with no function rooms and anyway,
half of Chester seemed to be away on holiday (moral of the story, don’t do your organising in August when
everyone’s on holiday!). Mike and I ran back and forth between hotels, public halls and all manner of places without
much luck. Eventually, we found a place which wasn’t on our list, a church on the eastern side of the city in an
excellent location with a large car park and ideal choices of rooms in their hall. We were shown around and decided
to book the hall. But sadly, we were rather let down in that the booking confirmation never came to being and at the
end of the month I hastily had to go back to what had been our second choice of venue, a hotel near the railway
station in Chester. I wasn’t disappointed - it turned out to be an excellent venue.

I asked to book the function room I'd seen a couple of
weeks previously, but disaster had struck. Someone else
had booked it the day before, and all their other rooms
were booked up too. But they could offer another function
room at the same price on the Sunday instead of the
Saturday. That proved to be a bit of a problem, as some
publicity material had gone out and I was faced with a
choice of some wrong information appearing in print, or
cancelling altogether and going back to the original

January 1995 date. I stuck with Sunday 16th October and
rang Mike and the other traders who already knew about it
to let everyone know about the enforced change of plan.

Two more hints here to anyone else planning to organise a
show. Make sure you have a venue before doing anything
else. Don’t be forced into doing something you feel
uncomfortable with. Set your date and stay with it unless
you have a real emergency. I had a real emergency for a
while - loss of venue!

At long last, though, I had a confirmed venue and a date.

(Robin Barker of DI-REN fame) Now some hard work of a different kind was about to

come along. I contacted the QL magazines to see what

deadlines they had and what publicity help they could give me. Magazines, even QL ones, have long lead times and I

nearly left it too late for all magazines - I certainly did for IQLR, whose bi-monthly appearance was on the wrong

month for me! I hastily drafted a half page sheet to put into Quanta and QReview. I also placed it on the front cover
of my catalogue, in the belief that all publicity is good publicity.

Then I sat down and produced an invitation letter and booking forms to send to the QL traders along with a list of
hotels and guest houses in the area (list provided by the ever-helpful Tourist Information Office) for those travelling
a fair distance to the show. By now it was early September and I was sweating a bit wondering if I was going to
manage to finish all this work in time! The work seemed to be coming along in chunks at a time, and each chunk had
its own little problems needing to be ironed out. A lot of the problems arose from people being uncontactable and
leaving messages which either never got returned or returned too late.

It was decided that public admission to the show would be free to QL users, the cost of organising really being the
cost of the venue and a couple of days of my time (so I thought, I should have charged for a hell of a lot of my time,
but obviosuly a lot of wasted time goes into a first show, because you’ll know exactly what to do the second time,
especially if you keep your records for the first). Having divided the costs between the number of traders likely to be

56

ORGANISING A QL SHOW - (CONT’D)

present, it was decided that as with some other QL shows in the past, this could be financed by dividing the total cost
between the traders present, which proved to be about £200 for the two rooms (one for the show, the other for talks
and lectures) with the likelihood on past experience of about 6 well known QL traders being present. I made no
profit from this - in fact a small loss - and I had to pay up front and recover the money later from the other traders.

I did consider asking Quanta if they would sponsor this event as a Quanta workshop, but by this time I think it had
gone too far for that to be a viable option, as letters to the traders had already gone out. The Quanta chairman did
suggest afterwards that if I had approached Quanta, the committee would have given it fair consideration, especially
as it was a period seemingly devoid of Quanta workshops at the time.

Another idea cropped up at about this time. Being a trader myself I had access to my customer list, so I could
mailshot my customers in the area of the show. As a rule of thumb, I decided I would mailshot a radius of up to 2
counties around Cheshire. It proved to be an expensive option, so in the best tradition of our market-forces and
private enterprise loving government I started to think of ways to finance this. I approached other traders to see if
they would take, say, a quarter page of advertising each in the mailshot, with the cost divided up between those
traders taking part. I ended up sending out about 550 letters to customers in all, which kept my wife and I out of
mischief for a couple of days between the photocopying, folding, envelopes and licking stamps. I think that apart
from the panic at the loss of the original venue, this was the most hated part of all! Obviously, most people
organising a show would not go in for this, especially with a Quanta workshop for example.

At the time of booking the hotel rooms for

the show, I had also tried to arrange a group
discount on hotel rooms. The hotel did offer

a discount based on the number of people I

thought would wish to stay overnight (mostly

traders or Quanta officials, most visitors

would be local I thought). However, one

problem was that to get a better discount I

needed to book a given number of rooms and
effectively sub-let them. That could have cost

me a great deal of money which I may not have

been able to recover, especially if visitors chose

to go to stay in nearby cheaper hotels and guest
houses. Also, a contractual difficulty became
apparent. I could have been held responsible for

any damage, theft, etc by guests booked via me,

so I settled for a smaller discount with visitors
booking for themselves and me simply passing on
copies of leaflets issued by the Tourist Information
Centre. I was learning to pick up on minor things I'd
never thought of before! Another little contractual
technicality cropped up here too. Without being (Ron Dunnett’s Tower Cased QL on Display)
aware of it at the time, I was in breach of contract

with the hotel by using their name in publicity material for the show without their approval. How people were
supposed to find the venue without it appearing in publicity I don’t know, but even had I realised this earlier on,
there wouldn’t have been time to go through the approval process anyhow. Although this was clearly a minor
technicality the moral is clear, study the fine print!

Suddenly, things started to pick up speed. I started to get phone calls from people asking for more details of the
show, or wanting lists of hotels in the area, or wanting a map. Booking forms started to arrive back from traders,
though painfully slow and most at the last minute. Trying to get the adverts in for the mailshot proved to be a major
headache with many phone calls needed night after night to pull in the latecomers. Some adverts arrived ready to be
included as they were, one or two came in handwritten or as files on disk wich I had to prepare prior to printing the
mailshot itself. Getting the address list together for the mailshot was a headache. Incomplete addresses without
postcodes, finding duplicate entries, people who’d moved house and so on caused me no end of headaches. At last, I
had a run of address labels printed, a few hundred pieces of paper and envelopes and a photocopier not too happy
with its workload (not that my copier is ever happy with its workload).
37

ORGANISING A QL SHOW - (CONT’D)

I had known that September was going to be busy at work; little had I guessed just how busy. How I coped with all
this I’ll never know! Every time I sat down at home to do something, the phone would ring or a software update
from an author would arrive... now you know why traders don’t often organise shows, we just don’t get the time !!!

One final snag which should have occurred to me but being the stupid fool that I am, it didn’t. One fairly large
mailshot with hundreds of envelopes... one small village post office. Ah. Not enough stamps. Post office lady was
not amused that I’d not warned her far in advance, so I had to stagger the mailshot over a few days while I bought
enough stamps locally, which given that it was already later than planned nearly caused another disaster!

Amid all this, one aspect I had forgotten about was my stock level which had gone low through general sales and
neglecting the stock-keeping while organising the show. I had about 2 weeks left to get the stock to a reasonable
level, difficult at the best of times especially when having to order stock from overseas traders.

At this point, the biggest of disasters happened. My son died in his sleep on 2nd of October and I stopped working
completely. Members of Club QL International agreed to help with the last minute arrangements and to be at the
hotel to co-ordinate things on the day. Small matters which did crop up in those last few days before the show were:

(i) arranging the loan of equipment for the room in which the talks and lectures were to be held. I'd intended to use
my spare QL setup, but under the circumstances, I didn’t think I'd go and was seriously thinking of cancelling the
whole thing had I not been able to get the help of people like John Southern and Mike Kenneally of Club QL
International.

(ii) A request from an overseas trader for a monitor, which he was unable to bring for his stand with him on his
plane flight.

(iii) Last minute calls from the hotel regarding the number of tables required, position in the room, signs required,
number of people expected to use their car park and so on.

On the day... It went remarkably well. Attendance wasn’t terribly high, though each and every table laid out was
taken up by traders, user groups and other visitors. Most of the English traders came, except for Digital Precision.
The only overseas visitors were PROGS. Quanta, Club QL International, Manchester and Liverpool groups formed
the user group contingency and one or two second hand bits and pieces stands were evident.

In the end, I attended for a few hours on the day, and most people seemed well satisfied both with the venue and the
general organisation, though we could perhaps have done with a few more tables (the hotel had supplied 18, I would
say a typical QL show needs about 20-24 tables minimum).

Would I organise another show? I am not sure. For one thing, my personal bereavement so close to this has left me
feeling I don’t want to do any more work than I have to. On the other hand, the first effort is always a learning time
and the second one should go more smoothly with less work. I have learned a lot from this, namely get someone to
help me and share the work, plan well ahead, do some ‘desk research’ first (i.e. look for venues, call others to solicit
opinion etc), decide everything before publicising, remember to fill up my Inkjet printer with ink before starting to
write letters, have a photocopier repair man standing by, decide how to publicise the event (including for example
via magazines, letters to QL sub-groups, personal contact, mailshots, bulletin boards - thanks Mike), decide on a
date and stick to it, don’t try to organise in August when everyone’s on holiday and above all don’t let magazine
editors talk you into organising shows in the first place if you are a trader with no spare time on your hands!

Yes, I may organise another show next year, but not at such short notice, since so many people (not just QL people)
were so slow at getting back to me. It does help if you are a bit of a workaholic since shows need a lot of work to
organise properly - you can just go out and book a village hall and stick an advert in a magazine, but it won’t work
quite as well!!!

PLAN AHEAD !!

The 3rd annual North American QL Show will be held on the 10th of June 1995 in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
Additioal details can be found elsewhere in this and in upcoming issues of IQLR.
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GETTING The Most Out of SBASIC

Duisburg, GERMANY - Jochen Merz

More and more people are using SBASIC - the wonderful SuperBASIC compatible language which comes with any
SMSQ for the GoldCard, SuperGoldCard, all ATARIs and the QXL. It offers far more facilies besides being very
fast and able to be executed many times at the same time (we will make use of this feature in some examples later),
and a number of those new features can make a programmer’s life a lot easier and I will try to explain, how. I
assume that most QL users program in BASIC, if they program at all. SuperBASIC is very easy to learn, offers you a
lot of flexibility unlike most other languages and does not force you to do things in a specific way. Nowadays, more
than 10 years after it has been written, it is still better than a number of other BASICs in many respects, which
shows that the author of it had done a wonderful job. However, nobody is perfect, and SuperBASIC was written
before many users had a chance to use it. Now, after 10 years, users have told us what they felt was missing. Much
of this has been incorporated intg SBASIC, making it even more perfect.

String slices.

String slicing has been perfected in SBASIC even more so than in QDOS. You can find out which of the following
examples work in QDOS. SBASIC allows you to slice any expression everyhwere. The SMSQ manual gives you an
example:

PRINT (date$)( TO 4)

just prints the year. Try this in QDOS. It will fail. First of all, because ( TO 4) is not a valid slice for a string, it
would have to be (1 TO 4) - but it is still not acceptable for QDOS. You might ask now: why do I have to set the
function DATES in brackets? Easy: if it is not, how would SBASIC know that you want to slice! The "( TO 4)"
could also be a parameter of the function DATE$. Let me show you the difference in a better example: if you want
to have random numbers between 0 and .99 - with the accuracy of 2 digits after the dot, then you could use string
slicing to reduce the length of the number (which is treated as a string as soon as it comes to slicing) to 3 characters,
i.e. the dot plus two digits. How would you do it? Try

REPeat : PRINT RND(1 TO 3)

Run this, and you will see that it is not what you expected. Have a quick look at the explanation of RND. If you pass
a range to it, then it will generate integers within that interval, so you get random 1, 2 and 3. We have two choices
of getting what we want. The first solution is: turn the function RND into an expression. Easily done, just surround
it with brackets. Somebody told you this trick somewhere... :

REPeat : PRINT (RND)(1 TO 3)
Run this, and you’ll get what you expect. Another solution, which is possible in the case of RND (and probably in
most other cases) is to provide the function with null parameters, so that the next pair of brackets has to contain a
range which is used for slicing.

REPeat : PRINT RND()(1 TO 3)
The things above might read funny, but they do work. You can make use of the little trick above also in INPUT.
Input may be used to read and output variables. In fact, outputting a variable is possible only if it is converted into
an expression. By now you know how easy it is to convert something into an expression: put brackets around it. An
example might help here too:
me$=’Fred’ : INPUT "Hi, I’m ";(me$);". What is your name?"!you$

The value of me$ will be output, but you$ is a variable which you have to fill by entering a name. Of course, there
is a shorter (and faster) solution

me$=’Fred’ : INPUT "Hi, I’m "&me$&". What is your name?"!you$

The three strings are concatenated first to the full text "Hi, I’m Fred. What is your name?" and then printed
(resulting in one output call instead of three).

61

Getting the most out of SBASIC - (CONT’D)

Slicing allows far more. You can read a fixed number of characters into a string, without being forced to press
NEWLINE or RETURN afterwards. In QDOS, you either have to do it in a loop or you have to use INPUT and
check the length of the string. If we assume that you want to read 4 characters (say, a PIN number of your cheque
card etc.) then you could use the following routine:

DIM pin$(4):pin$=’___’:BGET #1,pin$(1 TO 4):PRINT pin$

Four instructions, quickly explained: first, a string which can hold four characters is DIMmed. Then, it is initialised.
The BGET reads four characters from #1 (usually the keyboard). Then the string is printed (you should not print
YOUR PIN-number, by the way! - It is just an example). Why do we have to pre-fill the string? Because SBASIC
does not fill the string for us. And BGET does not change the string length. BGET would allow you to read only one
or more characters (a substring) of a string without changing the string’s length. To give you an idea what THIS
means, try the following:

DIM x$(4):BGET #1,x$(1 TO 4):PRINT x$

Run it, enter 4 characters - nothing is being printed. I can assure you that the four characters went into the string.
You can easily confirm this:
PRINT x$( TO 4)

you see, it has printed your four characters. How does one set the length of a string?
x$(0)=4 : PRINT x$

It really does work! Try
x$(0)=3 : PRINT x$

Funny, that! Of course, this works on multi-dimensional string arrays, not only on one-dimensional ones. If you
want to change the character in the middle of our three-character string, then

BGET #1,x$(2) : PRINT x$

Remember character 4 is still stored:
PRINT x$(4)

You can use this facility to search files easily: a quick example, which is not 100% error-proof, would be:

100 INPUT "File to search" !f$

110 fch=FOP_IN(f$)

120 IF fch<0:REPORT fch:REMark Error!!!
130 REPeat

140 INPUT “Search string"!s$

145 1=LEN(s$)

150 IF NOT 1:NEXT

160 IF 1<=FLEN(#fch):EXIT

170 END REPeat

180 DIM r$(1):1$=FILL$(’ ’,1)

190 FOR p=0 TO FLEN(#fch)-I-1

200 BGET #fch\p,r$(1 TO 1)

210 IF r$ INSTR s$:PRINT "Found at position”! p:EXIT
220 END FOR

230 CLOSE #fch

First, a filename is read and the file is opened for reading. Then you are asked for a search string which is checked
for not being 0 length (you really should type in a search string) and which should not be longer than the total length

62

Getting the most out of SBASIC - (CONT’D)

of the file. Another string with the same length is pre-initialised, because it will be used to read through the whole
file, byte by byte. We start at position 0 in the file, and carry on until we reach the end. Attention, as we read a
variable number of bytes (1, which is the length of the search string), we have to subtract this from the total file
length, otherwise the BGET would not get enough characters at the end of the file. BGET sets the file pointer (which
will go through the file byte by byte) and read a number of character from there on, which is equal to the length of
the search string. Then we compare the read string with the search string. This could also be done with a comparison
like = or ==. If you want a 100% match (e.g. upper- and lowercase are distinguished), then you should use =
only or add a line
10 INSTR_CASE 1

to the program. Save this file to RAM-disk, say RAMI1_search_bas - we need it later!

A difference of SBASIC compared to QDOS’s SuperBASIC is, that it initialises every variable. Strings are initialised
to zero length strings, numerical variables are set to 0. QDOS does not behave consistent here, e.g.

PRINT zz$;".."
will print an asterisk ’*’ as zz$ is not defined, followed by two dots. What do you expect from
PRINT zz$&’..”

You would say: I know, this speeds up printing because it concatenates first. Wrong, you get an error. We call this
inconsistent. You cannot really expect what happens. Printing an asterisk is nothing you would expect, unless you
know it. It is not helpful anyway. When SBASIC was defined, it was sure that it should behave predictable in every
case: it should either work all the time, or ALWAYS report errors if you access undefined variables. There are
advantages in both cases: getting error reports may help you debugging your program, as it always stops when it
encounters an undefined variable. It might give wrong results if you carry on calculating with an undefined value.
On the other hand (and in the "spirit" of SuperBASIC, we think) BASIC does not force you to anything, it gives you
more flexibility than most other languages. And it can be quite useful, as one of the following examples
demonstrates.

A number of people have asked me at QL meetings: "how can I execute an SBASIC program via HOTKEY?". The
solution is quite easy, but, you probably have to be told once how to do it. There are 1000 ways of executing
SBASIC, but you need only a few in daily use. But, there are good reasons for the other options being there. The
SMSQ manual tells you, that there is not only the command "SBASIC" which gives you another running copy of
SBASIC, it also tell you that there is the "SBASIC" Thing. Please do not start worrying abouth things, you may
consider them as @ sort of "RAM Disk". The Things in the thing list are named, as are the files in the RAM disk.
Things can be "used", files can be "opened". Both can be deleted etc. So, there is nothing mystic about Things, and
in most cases there are easier way to access them provided by other utilities. The procedure SBASIC which will
execute a new copy of SBASIC is a shortcut of

"SBASIC"

which executes the Thing "SBASIC", resulting in a new copy of SBASIC. We can, of course, "tell" the SBASIC
Thing to do something, e.g. automatically RUN our little search program:

“SBASIC";"LRUN ram1_search_bas”
You will see, it works! Magic!

If you remember the various HOT_ instructions which allow you to create all sorts of HOTKEY action, then
probably HOT_THING is something we might use.

ERT HOT_THING(’b’,’SBASIC’)

will create a HOTKEY which will execute a new copy of SBASIC every time you press ALT b. You probably
guessed the next step: why shouldn’t we add a parameter string to the HOTKEY definition?
63

Getting the most out of SBASIC - (CONT’D)
ERT HOT_THING(’s’,’SBASIC’;"LRUN ram1_search_bas*)

will start SBASIC and instructs it to LRUN the search program every time you press ALT s. If we go back to having
pre-set undefined variables, then here is a nice little program:

10 OPEN#0,con

20 WINDOW#0,100,42,x,y
30 BORDER#0,1,4

40 CLS#0

50 PRINT#0,"Position"\x\y

All it will do is: open its first window and print the coordinates. Save it as RAMI_test_bas. You know, you can
EXecute it:
EX ram1_test_bas

As x and y are not set, the window will appear at 0,0. You already know by now how to do it using EXEP! You
don’t? Okay, I’ll_ show you one more time:

EXEP “SBASIC";"LRUN ram1_test_bas”

Okay, and now let’s pass some parameters to it, e.g. define the variables x and y. Of course, we cannot use LRUN
anymore as this CLEARs all variables, and this would reset x and y! But, there’s MRUN, which MERGEs and
RUNs, so here we go:

EXEP "SBASIC*;"x=50:y=80:MRUN ram1_test_bas"

and, the window will appear at 50,80. By now you know how to do this with HOTKEYs, it is easy to adopt the
example above.

So, that’s it for now, I don’t want to fill up the magazine completely. I hope you enjoyed reading this, and of course,
you should try this on your machine running SMSQ. If it runs QDOS only, you'll find that most examples will not
work. When I started this “little” tips and tricks, more and more came to mind and there is still a lot more to come...

system found on the QL. You can select files in
many ways, sorting, grouping etc.
Disk Mate 4 needs 1 MB memory, disk station and

Disk Mate

Disk Mate 4 runs under the Pointer
Environment, and uses the Menu Extensions. If
you have used other PE programs, Disk Mate 4
is extremely easy to understand and use.

Disk Mate 4 is a program to cover ALL your
needs concerning disk and file handling. Yes
ALL needs!

Disk Mate 4 can do what all other similar
programs can do, and much more. Ever wanted
to sector copy a HD or ED disk, even a PC
formatted one? No problem.

“Lost” files can be found, just enter a word to
search for, and every file containing the word is
selected. Backup files created 1st July at 10.23
PM? Easy. Or what about renaming every file
with file ending “doc” to ”__testdoc”, or
copying/deleting whole sub-directories? Disk
Mate 4 has got the most powerful wildcard

Level 2 device drivers. In other words, you will need
an Atari with QL emulator, Gold Card or QXL. If
you have QXL, make sure you have got the latest
driver software. A standard QL is not to be
recommended, even if you have Trupcard with level
2 device drivers. A mouse is also highly
recommended.

Disk Mate 4 is delivered on a 35” disk with manual in AS
format. A demo version is available if you send 2 IRC
(Europe) or 4 IRC (rest of world).

Please send your order to:
PM data, Nerheim N-5580 Olen Norway

Disk Mate 4 costs NOK 300, DM 69, £28, $43. Payment by
Eurocheque in NOK. For orders outside Europe, payment by
American Express Traveller cheques in NOK.

PS! Disk mate 4 is SMSQ compatible!

FOR SALE - - - FOR SALE

About 100 Microdrive Cartridges $ 1.00 ea. (Shipping extra on all items)
Working QLs with power supply - 5 @ $35 each Two dysfunctional QLs for parts: Both for $25
SER Mouse software driver $20 (w/manual & 3.5" disk)

Dual disk drives. All cased, with power supply and ribbon cable:
3.5" ED (From Miracle Systems; the best !) $150 3.5" DD $50 5.25" DD $50

Miracle Systems Centronics printer interface: $15 Monochrome Monitor w/QL cable : $40
FLP/RAM Level 2 EPROM replacement for TrumpCard (w/manual and 3.5" disk) : $25

Two Everex 2400 baud modems @ $5 each; with AC adapter, $6 each. This is the bare board Hayes compatible
modem discussed in IQLR 3-6 & 4-2

Does this mean I’m abandoning the QL ??? No way, Jose! Just making room for more goodies. Mel LaVerne
103 Endicott Lane, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA or 615 - 483 - 4153

Notes - OL, Serial Ports & Modems

Shelby Township, Michigan, USA -John J. Impeliizzeri

This little article is about some things I’ve learned and observed while using my QL and its serial ports. This info
may be common knowledge, especially to seasoned QL communications veterans but for the benefit of others, here it
is. First of all, Hermes is highly recommended for anyone using a QL and its serial ports. It allows the ports to
reliably send and receive from 300 bps (bits-per-second) to 19200 bps. Hermes is a replacement for the QL’s second
microprocessor, the 8049. Sending data out of the ports is not a problem for the QL at any speed. However, trying
to receive data at the faster rates, certainly anything above 2400 always seemed to be a problem. With Hermes, the
QL will reliably receive at rates up to 19,200 bps, but the modem must be able to respond to a signal from the QL to
temporarily stop sending. This is known as a handshake. Most modems will also send a signal using another
handshake line to tell the computer to temporarily stop if the modem can’t keep up with the incoming data. The QL
has two handshake lines on each serial port, one that it uses to signal the modem to stop, and one which it monitors
for the modem to tell it to stop. Note that these lines must be connected properly between the QL and modem in
order for the handshaking to work!

The US Robotics Sportster 14,400 modem is highly recommended for use with the QL. Not many high speed
modems seem to support hardware handshaking from the computer to the modem which the QL absolutely must have
to work properly at 9600 bps and above. In other words, the modem must respond to a signal from the computer to
temporarily stop sending data until the computer catches up. I tried a number of 14,400 bps modems that wouldn’t
work with the QL because they didn’t support the handshake. The USR does and works great with the QL. The
price on most 14,400 bps modems seems to be dropping now that the next generation (28,800 bps) modems are
available. I’ve seen a few for under US $100, but beware that not all of them support full handshaking. If you’ve
found a high speed modem that works good with the QL, why not let IQLR know so that others searching for a
modem will know what to look for.

Enabling the handshaking in both direction varies according to the modem. Most seem to come with the handshake
turned on in one direction only, where the modem can tell the computer to stop (transmit data handshake). Turning
on the receive data handshake is very important for the QL. For the US Robotics modem this command is
*AT&R2’. By the way, the USR command for transmit handshake is "AT&H1’ which it comes from the factory set
for. These commands vary from modem to modem, even though they all seem to claim that they use standard Hayes
commands. It appears that only the basic Hayes commands are standardised, the others tend to vary among
manufacturers.

I found an excellent book about data communications which covers the basics of serial communications including
data, fax and modems. It also includes a very complete section on AT commands and the differences between them
on various modems. The book is called *"Programmer’s Technical Reference: Data and Fax Communications’ by
Robert L. Hummel. It is published by Ziff-Davis Press. ISBN 1-56276-077-7.

65

WHAT WILL THE QL COLLECTION COST ME?

Just £179 in total. There is nothing to add, no hidden VAT, and P&P to anywhere on earth is
included (add £5 if you want us to use Airmail). You save over £2,000. DP recognises that you
probably have some titles already (though perhaps not the latest releases), and some may not
be of interest to you yet (likely to change when you see them!) - the price more than fully
reflects this. THE QL COLLECTION is worth it even if you only want to update all your existing
DP products: however, DP will continue to accept orders for individual DP programs at the
prices quoted overleaf (+10% outside UK) if you really insist!

WHAT EXACTLY IS INCLUDED IN THE QL COLLECTION?

You get the fullest, very latest, most up-to-date releases of all - every single one - of the 66 QL
programs listed overleaf. The software is the finest, and the QL's very best. The titles would
cost you over £2,200 (plus applicable P&P) to buy individually - you can check this by summing
the prices overleaf, or those quoted in earlier ads. The only titles omitted are Mega Dictionary
(only for 2Mb RAM systems - add £15 for it), MS-DOS v6.22 upgrade (add £90) and any less
capable variant of a title that is itself included in THE QL COLLECTION (e.g., since the
top-of-the-range PROFESSIONAL PUBLISHER is included, DESKTOP PUBLISHER is
obviously excluded). You get both versions of PC CONQUEROR (as the list shows) so as to
cater for all hardware variations. You may well never ever need to buy another QL program
again. The range of software you will get is truly staggering. It is almost too good to be true.

WHAT ABOUT THE PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION?

All, latest, applicable documentation (lots) is included on disk, and can be read and printed
using Perfection Special Edition or Editor Special Edition, which are also both included, and
which can of course be used to search, browse, analyse or “edit" manuals at your leisure.
Printed copies may be bought later if wanted - details are sent with order.

WHY CAN'T I FIND THE CATCH IN ALL OF THIS?

Because there isn't any. DP, whose QL commitment continues, makes this super offer to
celebrate the birth of a marvellous baby daughter Michelle to Julie and Freddy. THE QL
COLLECTION is licensed for use by the purchaser alone, who by buying it agrees not to resell
or otherwise pass on any part of it, or of any DP software already possessed. Support is
negotiable: full details are supplied with the order for you to take up should you want it. DP
reserves the right to withdraw THE QL COLLECTION offer at any time later than 14 days after
your receiving this magazine, so please do hurry.

WHAT HARDWARE WILL I NEED TO RUN THINGS?

You will need a twin disk drive (DD, HD or ED, 3.5" or 5.25"), lots (100?) of blank disks and
over 1.5Mb RAM (Gold Card, Super Gold Card, QXL, ST/QL and equivalents) to fully use all
the software. The vast majority of titles will, however, work on much smaller systems: earlier
DP ads indicate with precision the minimum hardware needed to run each program. If no disk
size is specified when ordering, DP will assume 3.5" DD. If you do not yet have a powerful
enough QL system, you may wish to contact a hardware dealer and buy, say, a second-hand
Gold Card and/or twin disk drive (preferably 3.5" DD or HD - avoid Mitsubishi, and if ED, ensure
100% compatibility with Gold Card is guaranteed by the supplier) as needed.

HOW CAN | GET MY COPY OF THE QL COLLECTION?

THE QL COLLECTION can be obtained only by posting your order (including payment of £179
by cheque, postal order or cash (in which case please wrap up very well), or by quoting an
ACCESS / MASTERCARD / VISA credit card number and card expiry date) to:

DIGITAL PRECISION LTD, 222 THE AVENUE, LONDON E4 9SE

THE QL COLLECTION

3D PRECISION COMPUTER AIDED 2D/3D DESIGN SYSTEM
ADVENTURE CREATION TOOL SPECIAL EDITION SYSTEM
ARCADIA GAME WITH BMX-BURNER & GRIDRACER

ARCHIVE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM + RUN-TIME MODULE
ARCHIVE TUTORIAL FOR BEGINNERS TO EXPERTS

BIBLE EXTRACTS 1.5 MB TOTAL (KING JAMES VERSION)
BETTER BASIC EXPERT SYSTEM AUTO PROGRAM IMPROVER
BLOCKLANDS GAME WITH 65,536 4K x 8K SCREENS

CASH TRADER v3.3 + ANALYSER (QL TRADING ACCOUNTS)
COMPARE AUTO/MANUAL FILE MANAGEMENT UTILITY

COPY UTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY ASSISTANT

CPORT SUPERBASIC TO C AUTO TRANSLATION SYSTEM
DATABASE ANALYSER FOR ARCHIVE & STARTREK INFOBASE
DAT-APPOINT APPOINTMENT ARCHIVE DATABASE SYSTEM
DICTIONARIES DISK FOR PERFECTION PLUS SPECIAL EDITION
DIGITAL C SPECIAL EDITION COMPILER SYSTEM

DISKTOOL WITH QUICKDISK DISK UTILITY

DROIDZONE GAME WITH ACCELERATED GRAPHIC ENGINE
EDITOR SPECIAL EDITION ALL-FILE PROCESSOR

EYE-Q STATE OF THE ART QL GRAPHICS SYSTEM

FONT ENLARGER ACCESSORY FOR PRO PUBLISHER

GRAFIX QL 24-PIN UNIVERSAL PRINTER DRIVER

HARDBACK + FINDER HARD DISK BACKUP ENGINE

HEXDUMP UTILITY FOR ANALYSING MEMORY CONTENTS

HP PRINTER DRIVER FOR PERFECTION PLUS SPECIAL EDITION
IDIS INTELLIGENT DISASSEMBLER SPECIAL EDITION
LIGHTNING GOLD SPECIAL EDITION SUPER-ACCELERATOR
MAILMERGE DATABASE SYSTEM FOR ARCHIVE

MEDIA MANAGER SPECIAL EDITION EMERGENCY/MANAGER KIT
MENU EXTRACTION PROGRAM FOR COMPRESSED DISKETTES
MICROBRIDGE CONTRACT BRIDGE BIDDER & PLAYER

NAMES AND ADDRESSES ARCHIVE DATABASE SYSTEM
PAYROLL SYSTEM FOR UK SMALL COMPANY PAYE

PC CONQUEROR GOLD SPECIAL EDITION (1.5MB RAM SYSTEMS)
PC CONQUEROR STANDARD VERSION

PEDIT PRINTER DRIVER FOR PSION XCHANGE SUITE

PERFECTION PLUS SPECIAL EDITION WORD PROCESSOR WITH SPELLCHECKER

PERFECT POINTER TOOLS FOR QRAM/QPTR USERS
PROFESSIONAL ASTROLOGER PREDICTION/DELINEATION KIT
PROFESSIONAL ASTRONOMER INTEGRATED SYSTEM
PROFESSIONAL PUBLISHER DESKTOP PUBLISHING SYSTEM
PROFESSIONAL PUBLISHER TOOLBOX PART ONE
PROFESSIONAL PUBLISHER TOOLBOX PART TWO
PROFESSIONAL PUBLISHER TOOLBOX PART THREE & CLIPART
QFLICK CARD INDEX GPTR DATABASE SYSTEM

QKICK FRONT-END SYSTEM & DESKTOP MANAGER

QL DATA FILE COMPENDIUM FOR USE WITH DEMO PERFECTION
QMATHS MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM PART ONE

QMATHS MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM PART TWO & COMPENDIUM
QMON QJUMP MACHINE CODE SUPER MONITOR

QUICKLASER PUBLISHER DRIVER FOR HP LASERJETS & DESKJETS
RECOVER ENGINE FOR CORRUPTED ARCHIVE DATABASES
REVERSI / OTHELLO GAME - WORLD CHAMPION STANDARD
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SUCCESS CP/M & Z80 EMULATION SYSTEM

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TOOLKIT Ill SUPPLEMENT TO SUPERTOOLKIT Ii COMMANDS
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UNZIP v5.0.1 PD FILE DECOMPRESSION / RETRIEVAL UTILITY
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MIRACLE SYSTEMS

16MHZ 68000
HIGH SPEED
PROCESSOR

DD, HD, ED, E -
DISK "eh :

INTERFACE

QL GOLD CARD

Recycled Gold Card £100 inc. (£90 outside EU)

This is the expansion that has been revolutionising the QL. It is very easy to fit , it simply

plugs into the expansion port at the left hand of the QL, and once fitted it will instantly

increase the execution speed of the QL by about 4 times due to the presence of a 16MHz

68000 on board. There is 2M of fast 16 bit RAM of which QDOS sees a contiguous (
1920K. The remainder is used for shadowing the QL’s ROM and display memory and for

the GOLD CARD’s own code.

There is a disk interface which can access 3 mechanisms (4 with the DISK ADAPTER)
of three different densities, DD (double density, 720K), HD (high density, 1.44M) and
ED (extra high density, 3.2M) in any mix. The disk interface connector is the same type
that was fitted to the Trump Card so most QL compatible disk drives can be used.

Please note: that DD drives still give a capacity of 720K per diskette.
Our DUAL ED DISK DRIVE allows the GOLD CARD to access DD,
HD and ED diskettes.

Another feature is the battery backed clock. When the QL is switched on the contents of
the clock are copied into the QL’s clock so that the time and date are correct. The
firmware in the ROM gives the GOLD CARD all the functionality of the Trump Card
like TOOLKIT II and there is a sub-directory system for floppy and RAM disks.

Physically the GOLD CARD is about half the size of the TRUMP CARD and so fits
almost all within the QL. Its current consumption is well under allowable maximum so no
special power supply is required. The GOLD CARD comes with a 14 day money back
guarantee and a | year warranty.

MIRACLE SYSTEMS

SUPER GOLD CARD

"The Pathway to Future OL Development”
Briefly...

* 3 Times Faster

* 68020 processor

* 4M bytes of RAM

* CENTRONICS port

* Supports 4 Disk Drives

* 2 Year warranty

What is it ?

The SUPER GOLD CARD is the first major revision of our highly successful Gold Card. We have replaced the 68000
processor with the 68020 so programs run about 3 times faster and have expanded the memory to 4M bytes. Additional
improvments include a fast CENTRONICS printer port, 2 double disk drive ports, virtually crash-proof clock and a socket
to optionally connect 5V. We also supply a 3 meter Centronics printer cable at no additional cost.

The deal...

£275 including VAT - (£240 outside EU)
(Includes postage, a 14 day money back guarantee and a 2 year warranty.)

or you can send us your GOLD CARD and:
£175 including VAT - (£150 outside EU)
You can also deduct a further £15 for a returned QL CENTRONICS and/or £10 for a DISK ADAPTER.
We are happy to accept payment by sterling cheque made payable to "MIRACLE SYSTEMS", or by quoting your
po lala credit card number and expiry date (SWITCH card holders please also quote issue
Recycled Items...
Gold Card £100 (outside EU £90) QL Centronics £ 15 Disk Adapter £ 10
(Recycled items carry a 1 year warranty.)
TELEPHONE/FAX: (01454) 883 602
MIRACLE SYSTEMS LTD - 20 Mow Barton, Yate, Bristol, BS17 SNF, UK

MIRACLE SYSTEMS

OXL

SBASIC

SuperBasic Compatible Interpreter

* 68EC040

bl 4M or 8M of RAM

* Multitasking SBASIC

* QL Network ports

* Toolkit I

* QDOS or MSDOS floppies

* Uses PC’s keyboard, Sloppy &
ports

hard disks, parallel/seria
and mouse.

This is the card that plugs into a standard 8 or 16 bit ISA slot on a PC and allows the PC to run QL programs - FAST. A
new QDOS compatible operating system from Tony Tebby called SMSQ, which is supplied on a disk, includes Toolkit II
and gives you the familiar QL environment. SMSQ includes SBASIC a multitasking SuperBasic compatible interpreter.
Installation is simple; plug the QXL into a spare slot and copy 2 files from the supplied disk onto the hard drive and you’re
ready to go. From the DOS prompt type QXL and the PC will transform itself into a QL before your very eyes. If at any
stage you wish to return to DOS just press CTRL-ScrollLock. You can later resume the QL session by typing QXL/ which
takes you back to where you left off. For POINTER ENVIRONMENT programs SMSQ can be configured to handle 3
screen resolutions in addition to the standard 512x256 QL screen. Your PC must have EGA or VGA graphics. EGA allows
640x350 whereas VGA also allows 640x480. Most SVGA cards will allow SMSQ to use 800x600 as well.

PRICING:
QXL (4M) £280 including VAT - (£245 outside EU)

QXL (8M) £395 including VAT - (£345 outside EU)
or you can send us your GOLD CARD and
£180 including VAT - (£155 outside EU) for a 4M - QXL
£295 including VAT - (£255 outside EU) for a 8M - QXL
You can also deduct a further £15 for a returned QL CENTRONICS and/or £10 for a DISK ADAPTER.

‘We are happy to accept payment by sterling cheque made payable to "MIRACLE SYSTEMS", or by quoting your
MASTERCARD/VISA/SWITCH credit card number and expiry date (SWITCH card holders please also quote issue

number).
TELEPHONE/FAX: (01454) 883 602
MIRACLE SYSTEMS LTD - 20 Mow Barton, Yate, Bristol, BS17 SNF,